A partial degradation of sugar that occurs without the use of oxygen

Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel

Includes both Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, usually refers to aerobic

A transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to the other. (Oxidation-Reduction Reactions)

Loss of electrons to another substance called reduction.

Oxidation is lost, Reduction is gained

Substance Xe-, the electron donor

Substance Y, the electron acceptor

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, A coenzyme and electron carrier for hydrogen atoms to tranfer to oxygen.

Electron Transport Chain

Consists of a number of molecules, mostly protiens, built into the inner membrane of mitochondrion of eukaryotic cells and plasma membrane of aerobically respirating prokaryotes.

Occurs in cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate.

Takes place within the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells or simply in the cytosol of prokaryotes, completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; third major stage of cell respiration

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Produces smaller amount of ATP in few reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

The compound pyruvate is first coverted to in the mitochondrion,

Remaining electron carriers ubiquinone and oxygen that are protiens

The enzyme that actually makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

A process in which energy is stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane that is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP

Potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol. 1. Carbon Dioxide is released from pyruvated. 2. Acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2

Organisms that only carry out fermentaion or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive the presence of oxygen.

Facultative Anaerobes

Organisms that can make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration

A metabolic sequence that breaks the fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments, which enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.

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Chapter 9 AP Bio

Vocab

Question	Answer
Fermentation	A partial degradation of sugar that occurs without the use of oxygen
Aerobic Respiration	Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel
Cellular Respiration	Includes both Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, usually refers to aerobic
Redox Reactions	A transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to the other. (Oxidation-Reduction Reactions)
Oxidation, Reduction	Loss of electrons to another substance called reduction.
OILRIG	Oxidation is lost, Reduction is gained
Reducing Agent	Substance Xe-, the electron donor
Oxidizing Agent	Substance Y, the electron acceptor
NAD+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, A coenzyme and electron carrier for hydrogen atoms to tranfer to oxygen.
Electron Transport Chain	Consists of a number of molecules, mostly protiens, built into the inner membrane of mitochondrion of eukaryotic cells and plasma membrane of aerobically respirating prokaryotes.
Glycolysis	Occurs in cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate.
Citric Acid Cycle	Takes place within the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells or simply in the cytosol of prokaryotes, completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide
Oxidative Phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; third major stage of cell respiration
Substrate Level Phosphorylation	Produces smaller amount of ATP in few reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Acetyl CoA	The compound pyruvate is first coverted to in the mitochondrion,
Cytochromes	Remaining electron carriers ubiquinone and oxygen that are protiens
ATP Synthase	The enzyme that actually makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
Chemiosmosis	A process in which energy is stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane that is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP
Proton-Motive Force	Potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis
Alcohol Fermemtation	Pyruvate is converted to ethanol. 1. Carbon Dioxide is released from pyruvated. 2. Acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol.
Lactic Acid Fermentation	Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2
Obligate Anaerobes	Organisms that only carry out fermentaion or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive the presence of oxygen.
Facultative Anaerobes	Organisms that can make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration
Beta Oxidation	A metabolic sequence that breaks the fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments, which enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.

Created by: 1374720954

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