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A&P
Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mass | Is the “stuff” of the universe Anything that has mass and takes up space |
| Matter | Mass × gravity |
| States of matter | 1.Solid 2.Liquid 3.Gas |
| Solid | – has definite shape and volume |
| Liquid | – has definite volume, changeable shape |
| Gas | – has changeable shape and volume |
| Energy | The capacity to do work (put matter into motion) |
| Types of energy | 1.Kinetic 2.Potential |
| Kinetic | – energy in action, energy carried by a moving object |
| Potential | – energy created by position, stored (inactive) energy. E.g. height, pressure, temperature, etc. |
| Energy conservation law | energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| Chemical | stored in the bonds of chemical substances |
| Electrical | results from the movement of charged particles |
| Mechanical | directly involved in moving matter |
| Radiant or electromagnetic | energy traveling in waves (i.e., visible light, ultraviolet light, and X-rays) |
| Energy Form Conversions | 1.Energy is easily converted from one form to another, e.g. chemical to mechanical, chemical to electrical, etc. 2.Two forms of energy can be converted back and forth, and 3.During conversion, some energy is “lost” as heat |
| Composition of Matter | 1.Elements 2.Atoms 3.Atomic symbol |
| Elements | unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means |
| Atoms | more-or-less identical building blocks for each element |
| Atomic symbol | one- or two-letter chemical shorthand for each element, e.g. carbon C, copper Cu, chlorine Cl, etc. |
| Properties of Elements | Each element has unique physical and chemical properties |
| Physical properties | Those detected with our senses |
| Chemical properties | Pertain to the way atoms interact with one another |
| Major Elements of the Human Body | Organic molecules: -Oxygen (O) -Carbon (C) -Hydrogen (H) -Nitrogen (N) |
| Lesser Elements of the Human Body | Lesser elements make up 3.9% of the body and include: Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), iodine (I), and iron (Fe) |
| Trace Elements of the Human Body | -Trace elements make up less than 0.01% of the body -They are required in minute amounts, and are found as part of enzymes -Zn, Cu, Fe, Co, F, |
| Atomic Structure | All Atoms have a nucleus and electrons |
| The nucleus consists of | neutrons and protons |
| Protons | have a positive charge and a mass of 1 amu |
| Neutrons | have no charge and a mass of 1amu |
| Electrons are found orbiting | the nucleus |
| Electrons | have a negative charge and 1/2000 the mass of a proton (0 amu) |
| Planetary Model | electrons move around the nucleus in fixed, circular orbits |
| Orbital Model | regions around the nucleus in which electrons are most likely to be found. |
| Atomic number | equal to the number of protons |
| Mass number | equal to the mass of the protons and neutrons |
| Atomic weight | average of the mass numbers of all isotopes |
| Isotope | atoms with same number of protons but a different number of neutrons |
| Radioisotopes | atoms that undergo spontaneous decay called radioactivity, e.g. radioactive iodine (RAI) 131I, cobalt 60Co, etc E.g. carbon isotopes, 12C, 13C, 14C, |
| Molecule | two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds |
| Compound | two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together |
| Mixtures | two or more components physically intermixed (not chemically bonded) |
| Solutions | – homogeneous mixtures of components |
| Solvent | substance present in greatest amount |
| Solute | substance(s) present in smaller amounts |
| Concentration of Solutions | -Percent, or parts per 100 parts (v/v, w/v) -Molarity, or moles per liter (M or mM) |
| A mole of an element or compound is equal to | its atomic or molecular weight (sum of atomic weights) in grams |
| Colloids (emulsions) | heterogeneous mixtures whose solutes do not settle out |
| Suspensions | heterogeneous mixtures with visible solutes that tend to settle out |
| Mixtures Compared with Compounds | -No chemical bonding takes place in mixtures -Most mixtures can be separated by physical means, e.g. use of evaporation temperature to distill. -Mixtures can be heterogeneous or homogeneous -Compounds cannot be separated by physical means -All compoun |
| In a chemical bond electron shells, or energy levels, surround | the nucleus of an atom |
| In a chemical bond, bonds are formed using the | electrons in the outermost energy level |
Created by:
Oliha1974