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A&P
Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another |
| Physiology | the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery |
| 3 types of gross Anatomy | Systemic, Regional, and Surface |
| Systemic | gross anatomy of the body studied by system |
| Regional | all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) |
| Surface | study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin |
| Microscopic Anatomy | Use of Microscopes |
| Histology | study of tissues |
| Developmental Anatomy | Traces structural changes throughout life |
| Cytology | study of the cell |
| Embryology | study of developmental changes of the body before birth |
| Specialized branches of Anatomy | -Radiology -Tumor -Eye, ophthalmology -Brain -Pathology |
| Pathological anatomy | study of structural changes caused by disease |
| Radiographic anatomy | study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures such as X-ray, MRI, and CT scans |
| Molecular biology | study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level |
| Topics of Physiology | -Considers the operation of specific organ systems -Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level |
| Complementarity of Structure and Function | 1. Function always reflects structure 2. What a structure can do depends on its specific form, e.g. teeth, hollow GI system. 3. principle of complementarity of structure and function |
| The body’s organization ranges from | atoms to the entire organism |
| Chemical | atoms combined to form molecules |
| Cellular | – cells are made of molecules |
| Tissue | – consists of similar types of cells |
| Organ | – made up of different types of tissues |
| Organ system | – consists of different organs that work closely together |
| Organismal | – made up of the organ systems |
| What are the requirements for life? | 1. Maintaining Boundaries 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth and mature |
| Maintaining boundaries | the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment 1. Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes 2. Subcellular level – e.g. lysosome, Golgi apparatus, nucleus 3. Organismal level – accomplished by the skin |
| Movement | – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility |
| Responsiveness | ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them |
| Digestion | breakdown of ingested foodstuffs |
| Metabolism | all the chemical reactions that occur in the body |
| Excretion | removal of wastes from the body |
| Reproduction | cellular and organismal levels -Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells -Organismal – sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person |
| Growth and maturation | increase in size of a body part or of the organism, organ systems functions mature for survival. |
| Integumentary System | -Forms the external body covering -Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails -Protects deep tissues from injury, absorption and synthesizes vitamin D |
| Skeletal System | -Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments -Protects and supports body organs -Provides the framework for muscles (lever system) -Site of blood cell formation -Stores minerals, e.g. Ca2+ , P |
| Muscular System | -Composed of muscles and tendons -Allows bones across the joints,locomotion, and facial expression, etc -Maintains posture, upright, bending,lying down -Produces heat |
| Nervous System | -Composed of the brain, spinal column,and nerves -Is the fast-acting control system of the body -Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands |
| Cardiovascular System | -Composed of the heart and blood vessels -The heart pumps blood -The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body |
| Lymphatic System | -Composed of red bone marrow,thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels -Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood -Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream -Houses white blood cells involved with immunity -Transport |
| Respiratory System | -Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs -Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide |
| Digestive System | -Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver -Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood -Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces |
| Urinary System | -Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra -Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body -Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood |
| Male Reproductive System | -Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens -Main function is the production of offspring -Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones -Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract |
| Female Reproductive System | -Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina -Main function is the production of offspring -Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones -Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus |
| Survival Needs | Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal body temperature, and Atmospheric pressure |
| Nutrients | – needed for energy and cell building |
| Oxygen | – necessary for metabolic reactions |
| Water | – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions |
| Normal body temperature | – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates |
| Atmospheric pressure | – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs |
| Homeostasis is maintained | by negative feedback |
| hemeo – | all alike; stasis – static, stable. |
| Homeostasis | Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world |
| The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of | Equilibrium |
| Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain | Homeostasis |
| Homeostatic Control Mechanisms | Body has set points in the nerve system, e.g. HR, temperature, pH, osmosis, etc. -Variables produce changes to deviate from the set points |
| The three interdependent components of control mechanisms: | -Receptor – monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli) -Control center – determines the set point at which the variable is maintained -Effector – provides the means to respond to stimuli |
| Positive Feedback | -In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus -Urination, parturition. -Example: Regulation of blood clotting |
| Homeostatic Imbalance | -Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium -Overwhelming the usual negative feedback mechanisms allows destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over -seesaw symbol is the symbol of homeostatic imbalance. |
| Anatomical Position | Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body |
| Directional Terms | Terminology used to describe the location of an organ in relation to other organs or the body midline. |
| Are used in two fundamental divisions, | axial and appendicular |
| Sagittal | divides the body into right and left parts |
| Midsagittal or medial | sagittal plane that lies on the midline |
| Frontal or coronal | divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
| Transverse or horizontal (cross section) | divides the body into superior and inferior parts |
| Oblique section | cuts made diagonally |
| Planes divide body into | two equal or unequal parts. |
| Anatomical Variability | -Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy -Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place -Small muscles may be missing -Extreme anatomical variatio |
| Two major body cavities: | dorsal cavity and ventral cavity each cavity has several subdivision. |
| Dorsal Cavity | Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two connected subdivisions, Both cavity contains cerebrospinal fluid |
| Cranial cavity | within the skull, encases the brain |
| Vertebral cavity | runs within the vertebral column, encases the spinal cord |
| Ventral Cavities | Ventral cavity is divided into thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera) |
| Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities | mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity |
| Pleural cavities | each houses a lung |
| Mediastinum | contains the pericardium, heart, esophagus, superior vena cava, aorta, trachea, bronchia |
| Pericardial cavity | pericardium encloses the heart |
| The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the | dome-shaped diaphragm |
| The abdominopelvic cavity is composed of two subdivisions: | -Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs -Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum |
| Ventral Body Cavity Membranes | -Parietal serosa lines internal body walls -Visceral serosa covers the internal organs -Serous fluid separates the serosae |
| Abdominopelvic Quadrants | -Right upper quadrant -Left upper quadrant -Right lower quadrant -Left lower quadrant |
| Other Body Cavities | -Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs -Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose -Orbital – house the eyes -Middle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations -Synovial – joint cavities |
Created by:
Oliha1974