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Science 10-1
Science 10-1 Final Exam Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| WHMIS Workplace Hazardous Material Information System | is a national hazard communication system that provides information on the safe use of hazardous products in Canadian workplaces |
| SDS Saftey Data Sheet | is a sixteen section document that informs you of the chemical name, formula, chemical precautions, handling, disposal, and more |
| Chemistry | The study of substances, their structure, properties, and changes that can occur to the substance |
| Physical Properties | Describes the physical appearance and composition of a substance |
| Physical Change | A change in size, shape or state. It still has all the same physical properties |
| Chemical Properties | Describes the reactivity of a substance |
| Chemical Change | A substance changes from one type of matter to another |
| Matter | Anything that has a mass and occupies space |
| Pure Substances | All particles of one substance are the same. (have the same chemical and physical properties) Two types |
| Element | All of these are found on the periodic table of elements |
| Compound | Two or more chemically combined elements |
| Mixtures | Combination of pure substances (not chemically combined). Four types |
| Solutions | -Homogeneous mixture -Looks similar throughout -soft drinks (dissolved sugar) |
| Mechanical Mixture | -Heterogeneous mixture -All parts are clearly visible -soil |
| Suspension | -Heterogeneous Mixture -The parts are in different states -mud: soil (solid) and water (liquid |
| Colloid | -Homogeneous mixture -Similar to solution but more difficult to separate -larger particles |
| Homogeneous mixture | A mixture that looks like one substance |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | A mixture where the different parts are visable |
| Methods of Separation: Filtration | Separates a liquid from a solid |
| Methods of Separation: Distillation | Separates a solution (homogeneous mixture) |
| Methods of Separation: Electrolysis | Breaks a compound apart using electricity |
| Characteristics of a Chemical Reaction | 1. Produces a new substance with different chemical/physical characteristics 2. A gain or release of energy-exothermic/endothermic 3. Gas forms (bubbles) 4. Precipates form (solid forms) 5. Cloudiness (solid forming just not falling |
| Endothermic Reaction | Heat enters the system -breaking chemical bonds is an endothermic reaction |
| Exothermic Reaction | Heat exits the system -forming new chemical bonds is an exothermic reaction |
| Protons | -Positively charged particles found inside the nucleus of the atom -# of ________=atomic number -Never change for any given element ex) oxygen always has eight__________ |
| Neutrons | -The other particle found in the nucleus of the atom -carry no electrical charge -Atoms of an element that have a different number of _________ in the nucleus are called isotopes ex) C12 and C13 |
| Isotopes | Elements that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons |
| Electrons | -negatively charged particles that orbit around the outside of the nucleus -sharing of these forms chemical bonds -Elements are neutral, meaning they have the same number of protons to _________ |
| Atomic Number | Number of protons in any given element |
| Atomic Molar Mass | -the mass of an element that is listed on the periodic table of elements -calculated as the average mass of all the isotopes of the element, taking percent abundance into account |
| Periodic Table of Elements | Arranges elements into horizontal rows called periods(7) and vertical columns called groups(18) |
| Groups (periodic table of elements) | -also called families -several of these have names; _____ one: Alkali Metals- most reactive; _____ 2:Alkaline Earth Metals; _____ 17:Halogens-most reactive non-metals; _____ 18: noble or inert gases- most non-reactive non-metals |
| Metals | -Appear to the left of the dark "staircase" line -properties include: solid at room temp (except for mercury, which is liquid), shiny lustre, good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, ductile |
| Non-metals | -Appear to the right of the staircase -Properties include: gas, solid, and one liquid (bromine) at room temp, dull, poor conductors of heat and electricity, brittle and not ductile |
| Metalloids | -borders the staircase and have some metallic and some non-metallic properties -properties include: some shiny, some dull, some conduct electricity (to an extent), poor conductors of heat, brittle, not ductile |
| Period Rules | The period of an element = the number of occupied energy levels |
| Group Rules | -Elements in the same group have the same # valence electrons |
| Ions | a group of atoms that carry either a positive or negative electrical charge. All atoms tend towards chemical stability like the noble gases- their valence energy levels full. This is achieved by giving up, taking on, or sharing electrons. |
| Positive Ions | Called a cation. Charge is achieved by giving up one or more electrons (-). There are now more protons (+) than electrons, giving it a positive charge |
| Negative Ions | Called an anion. Charge is achieved by taking on one or more electrons (-). There are now more electrons than protons (+), giving it a negative charge |
| Naming of Anions | Anions have names that end in "ide" Ex) Chloride |
| Ionic Compound | -Compounds composed of ions -as two elements react, metal atoms loose one or more atoms to the non-metal, giving them opposite charges. The ions are now attracted to each other and form a very strong bond |
| -Binary Ionic Compounds | are composed of just two elements: forms when a metal (cation) reacts with a non-metal (anion) |
| Crystal Lattice | The regular repeating pattern that holds together cations and anions in an ionic compound |
| Molecular Compounds | Are compounds composed of molecules, and contain only non-metal elements. Atoms form a covalent bond by sharing electrons |
| Single Covalent Bond | A molecular bond that is formed when two atoms share a single pair of electrons (Cl2, H2O) |
| Double Covalent Bond | A molecular bond that is formed when two atoms share two pairs of electrons (CO2) |
| IUPAC | International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists -insures every pure substance has a systematic name -gives information on whether a compound is ionic or molecular, the types of ions/elements it contains, and makes predictions regarding characteristics |
| Naming Binary Molecular Compounds | First element to appear in the name is the one farthest to the left the suffix ide appears at the end of the second element Use prefixes to indicate how many atoms of each element are used |
| Naming Binary Ionic Compounds | The first element in the name/formula is the metal (cation) The second element , the non-metal (anion) has the suffix ide No prefixes Chemical formula shows the simplest whole number ration= of each type of ion |
| Stock System | A way ti distinguish the charge of a cation if multiple are given. Copper (I) would have a one positive charge, Copper (II) would have a two positive charge |
| Properties of Ionic compounds | -have regular crystalline shapes with flat edges in the solid form -High melting point -As a solid, they do not conduct electricity -Conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water- they are electrolytes |
| Properties of molecular compounds | -low melting point -once melted, can usually be heated further w/out decomposing -do not conduct electricity in any state |
| Acid | A substance that reacts and releases hydrogen ions (H+)(aq) in water. HCl(aq) - hydrochloric acid H2SO4(aq) - sulfuric acid |
| Base | A substance that dissolves in water and releases hydroxide ions (OH-)(aq) into the water. NaOH(aq) - sodium hydroxide KOH(aq) - potassium hydroxide (used in liquid soaps) |
| Properties of acids | -corrodes metals -will burn skin- sulfuric acid (battery acid) -Turns blue litmus paper red -tastes sour -loos their acidic properties when mixed with a base -pH of less than 7 |
| Properties of bases | -taste bitter -many will burn skin - lye -feel slippery -turns red litmus paper blue -pH of more than 7 |
| pH Scale | uses numbers from 0-14 that expresses the quantity of hydrogen ions (H+) in each litre of solution. 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic |
| chemical reactions | occurs when one or more substances change to form a different compound |
| evidence of a chemical change | -all chemical reactions involve a change of energy -odour change -colour change -formation of a gas (bubbles) -formation of a precipitate (solid) |
| law of conservation of energy | -energy can be transferred from one form to another, but the total energy of the universe remains the same -energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| formation/synthesis reactions | two or more reactants combine to produce a new product. typically exothermic. X + Y --> XY |
| decomposition reactions | one compound breaks down into two or more simpler compounds or elements. typically endothermic. XY --> X + Y |
| Single replacement reactions | one element replaces another element in a compound. A + BX --> AX + B |
| Double replacement reactions | the cations of two different compounds exchange places, forming two new compounds. WX + YZ --> WZ + YX |
| Hydrocarbon combustion reactions | -An organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon. -95% of hydrocarbons are burned as fuel. -When burned with a plentiful supply of oxygen, a complete combustion occurs hydrocarbon + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + heat energy |
| Molecular Elements | Because atoms of the same element can form bonds, some elements also exist as molecules. O2, H2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, P4, S8. |
| Light microscope types | simple microscopes and compound microscopes |
| Simple microscope | Only uses one lens, similar to a magnifying lens. Needs visual light to view objects |
| Compound Microscope | -has two sets of lenses -can make objects appear 100-400 times larger, some as much as 1,000x |
| Electron microscope | -specimens are illuminated with a beam of electrons instead of light. -extremley powerful; 1.2million times |
| Genes | Directs the activities of our cells |
| DNA | -found in the nucleus of every cell -constructed of thousands to millions of molecular subunits -adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine |
| Cause of most cancers | Damaged genes |
| Mutations | Changes in the sequence of the bases (AC GT) that increase a persons chances of developing cancer |
| Virus | A non-cellular structure made up of a stretch of genetic material enclosed in a protein coat. When a virus takes over a cell it takes over the cells reproductive machinery and causes the host cell to produce more viruses |
| Prions | A protein that converts from its normal form into a harmful particle |
| Cell culture | A valuable technique in cancer and cell research. Isolated cells are placed in test tubes and supplied with nutrients needed for growth |
| cell lines | The generation of cells that result from growth and division in each cell culture |
| Stem Cells | "blank slate" cells that divide to produce all other types of specialized cells. Two sources are adult bone marrow and embryo cells. One use is injecting them into someone who suffers from heart failure |
| Organelles | The different parts inside plant and animal cells that carry out specific functions |
| Cell membrane | -semi-permeable, 2 layered membrane -regulates and controls passage of substances in and out of the cell -composed mainly of lipids and embedded with proteins that act as doors -can change shape can interact with other cells |
| Cytoplasm | -jelly-like substance that fills the cell -medium in which many reactions occur |
| Nucleus | -Direct the cells activities -contains DNA -Surrounded by a nuclear envelope that has nuclear pores that lets substances in and out |
| Nucleolus | -Found within the nucleus -produces ribosomes |
| Ribosomes | -makes proteins -exists as spots on the rough Endoplasmic reticulum or in chains in the cytoplasm |
| Lysosomes | -Sac of digestive enzymes -suicide sacs-self destructs at a certain age -pH low (acidic) -digests waste particles -protects by killing infectious microrganisms |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | folded membranes surrounding the nucleus -rapidly transports material |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | -Is studded with ribosomes -ribosomes build proteins which are then packaged in vesicles for transport |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | -has no ribosomes -synthesizes lipids and packages them into vesicles for transport |
| Golgi Apparatus | -stores, sorts, repackages and transports molecules -produces lysosomes |
| Mitochondria | -"power house" of the cell -has a 2-layered membrane -produces energy -muscle cells need a lot of energy, thus have a lot of mitochondria |
| centrioles | -cylindrical structures located just outside nucleus -in animal cells they play a role in cell division -not in plant cells |
| Chromatin | -masses of DNA -contains genetic information -located in nucleus |
| Vacuole | -storage house for water, food, minerals and waste -plant cells have a significantly larger vacuole that regulates the amount of water in the cell |
| Cell wall | -rigid and supportive, giving cells their shape -made of cellulose -not found in animal cells |
| Chloroplasts | -Where photosynthesis takes place -has two layers of membrane -inner layer contains green pigments called chlorophyll -only in plant cells |
| Phospholipids | -fats that make up the cell membrane -has a head and tail -head is hydrophilic -tail is hydrophobic |
| Cell membrane proteins | -membrane contains embedded proteins -helps move substances across the membrane and carry out chemical reactions -some have "marker" molecules for identification to protect the cell from infection |
| Brownian Motion | The random, constant movement of tiny particles in liquids or air |
| Concentration Gradient | Given time, molecules will move from an area of high concentration to low concentration |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water across a membrane |
| Solute | Material being dissolved in a solution |
| Solvent | material doing the dissolving in a solution |
| Hypotonic Solution | Has a higher concentration of water out of the cell than in. Water will move into the cell |
| Hypertonic Solution | Has a higher concentration of water in the cell than out. Water will move out of the cell |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Enables larger molecules to diffuse over the membrane through proteins |
| Carrier protein | Changes shape to allow molecules to diffuse |
| Channel protein | Provides water filled passages which small dissolved ions can diffuse through |
| Active Transport | The use of ATP energy to transport molecules against the concentration gradient |
| Endocytosis | A form of active transport where the cell membrane forms a pocket around the material creating a vesicle which is transported to other parts of the cell. Phagocytosis-eating solids. Pinocytosis-drinking liquids |
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis | When a receptor on a membrane protein binds with an item for transport, it triggers endocytosis |
| Exocytosis | Allows material stored in vesicles to exit the cell. This allows cells to dispose of wastes. Important for the secretion of hormones and enzymes |
| Advantages to being Multi-Cellular | -larger size -variety of specialized cells -ability to thrive in a broader range of environments (adaptable) |
| Organization of Cells: Cells | the most basic unit of organization in organisms |
| Organization of Cells: Tissues | Clusters or groups of cells with the same structure and function |
| Organization of Cells: Organs | Multiple tissues arranged in combination to perform a specific function |
| Organization of Cells: Systems | Organs and tissues throughout a body perform a shared complex function |
| Photosynthesis | carbon dioxide + water -(sun)-> glucose + oxygen |
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