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FA Review
Key associations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mitochondrial inheritance | Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only |
| Intellectual disability | Down syndrome and Fragile X syndrome |
| Vitamin deficiency in USA | Folate |
| Associations with FOLATE: | 1. Pregnant omen are at high risk of folate deficiency. 2. Body stores only 3-to-4 month supply. 3. prevents neural tube defects |
| Lysosomal storage disease | Gaucher disease |
| Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated) | S. aureus, B. cereus |
| Osteomyelitis | S. aureus MCC |
| Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly) | S. pneumoniae |
| Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids) | Group B streptococcus/ E. coli/ Listeria monocytogenes (newborns), S. pneumoniae/N. meningitis (kids/teens) |
| Bacteria associated with gastritis , peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (adenocarcinoma, MALToma) | H. Pylori |
| Opportunistic infection in AIDS | Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia |
| Helminth infection in the USA | Ascaris lumbricoides |
| Myocarditis | Coxsackie B |
| Infection secondary to blood transfusion | Hepatitis C |
| Osteomyelitis with IV drug use | Pseudomonas, Candida, S. aureus |
| UTI | E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women) |
| Sexually transmitted disease | C. trachomatis (usually coinfected with N. gonorrhoeae |
| Nosocomial pneumonia | S. aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram (-) rods |
| Pelvic Inflammatory disease | C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae |
| Infections in chronic granulomatous disease | S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase +) |
| Metastases to bone | Prostate, breast > Lung, thyroid, kidney |
| Metastases to brain | Lung > breast> prostate > melanoma > GI |
| Metastases to liver | Colon >> stomach > pancreas |
| S3 heart sound | Increase ventricular filling pressure; comon in dilated ventricles |
| What are common conditions with an increase in ventricular filling pressure? | Mitral regurgitation, HF |
| S4 heart sound | Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle |
| What are some specific conditions with S4 heart sound? | Aortic stenosis , HCM, and Restrictive cardiomyopathy |
| Constrictive pericarditis | TB and viral illness |
| Which class of cause is most common to cause constrictive pericarditis in the developed world? | Viral illness |
| Holosystolic murmur | VSD, Tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation |
| Ejection click | Aortic stenosis |
| Mitral valve stenosis | Rheumatic heart disease |
| Opening snap | MItral stenosis |
| Heart murmur, congenital | Mitral valve prolapse |
| Chronic arrhythmia | Atrial fibrillation |
| What kind of arrhythmia is associated with increased risk of emboli? | Atrial fibrillation |
| Cyanosis (early; less common) | Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of Great vessels, truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return |
| Late cyanotic shunt is due to: | Uncorrected Left to Right shunt, which reverses |
| Late cyanotic shunt: | Eisenmenger syndrome |
| What are common causes of Eisenmenger syndrome? | ASD, VSD, and PDA |
| WHat is the result of Eisenmenger syndrome? | Pulmonary hypertension/ polycythemia |
| Congenital cardiac anomaly | VSD |
| Secondary (2) hypertension | Renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease, and Hyperaldosteronism |
| What are some specific examples of CKD that cause secondary HTN? | Polycystic kidney disease and Diabetic nephropathy |
| Aortic aneurysm, thoracic | Marfan syndrome |
| Idiopathic cystic medial degeneration | Marfan syndrome |
| Aortic dissection | Hypertension |
| Aortic aneurysm, abdominal | Atherosclerosis |
| What is a major risk factor for the development of AAA due to Atherosclerosis? | Smoking tobacco |
| Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch | Tertiary syphilis, vasa vasorum destruction |
| Sites of atherosclerosis | Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery |
| Cardiac manifestation of lupus | Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis |
| Non-bacterial endocarditis is seen in: | Lupus |
| Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis | Mitral > aortic, tricuspid |
| Which valve is affected n bacterial endocarditis if the patient suffers of Rheumatic Fever? | Aortic valve |
| IV user develops bacterial endocarditis in which valve MC? | Tricuspid valve |
| S. aureus-endocarditis is seen in which presentation? | Acute, IV drug abuse, and tricuspid valve |
| Viridans streptococci-endocarditis | Subacute, dental procedures |
| S. bovis endocarditis | Colon cancer |
| What are the culture negative endocarditis organisms? | Coxiella, Bartonella, and HACEK |
| Temporal arteritis | Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica |
| Recurrent inflammation/ thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities | Buerger disease |
| What risk factor is strongly associated with Buerger disease? | Smoking tobacco |
| Cardiac Primary tumor in kids | Rhabdomyoma |
| Which AD disorder is often seen with Rhabdomyoma? | Tuberous sclerosis |
| Cardiac tumor (adults) | Metastasis, myxoma |
| Which chamber is most likely affected by a myxoma? | Left atrium |
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension | 21-hydroxylase deficiency |
| Cushing syndrome | - Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy) - Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol) - ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease) - Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors) |
| Cushing's disease due to excess secretion if of cortisol is caused by: | Adrenocortical adenoma |
| Cushing syndrome caused by Cushing disease is due to? | ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma |
| Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids) | Neuroblastoma (malignant) |
| Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults) | Pheochromocytoma (benign) |
| Cretinism | Iodine deficient/ congenital hypothyroidism |
| HLA-DR3 | Diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, and Addison disease |
| Besides HLA-DR3, to which other HLA is Hashimoto thyroiditis associated to? | HLA-DR5 |
| Thyroid cancer due to childhood irradiation | Papillary carcinoma |
| What is a common cause of hypoparathyroidism? | Accidental excision during thyroidectomy |
| MCC of Primary Hyperparathyroidism? | Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma |
| Secondary hyperparathyroidism? | Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease |
| Hypopituitarism | Pituitary adenoma (benign) |
| HLA-DR4 | Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease |
| Refractory peptic ulcer and high gastrin levels | Zollinger-Ellison syndrome |
| What kind of tumor is associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? | Gastrinoma of duodenum or Pancreas |
| What condition is associated with ZES? | MEN1 |
| Esophageal cancer, worldwide | Squamous cell carcinoma |
| Esophageal cancer, USA | Adenocarcinoma |
| Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury | Cushing ulcer |
| Pathology of an Cushing ulcer | Increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion. |
| Acuter gastric ulcer associated with severe burns | Curling ulcer |
| Pathology of Curling ulcer? | Greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa |
| Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma | Krukenberg tumor |
| What kind of cells are seen in a Krukenberg tumor? | Mucin-secreting signet ring cells |
| Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune) | Predisposition to gastric carcinoma |
| Besides Gastric carcinoma, what else can develop due to autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis? | Pernicious anemia |
| Gastric cancer | Adenocarcinoma |
| Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon | Skip lesions |
| Skip lesions in the GI tract, especially the colon, are seen in? | Crohn disease |
| Diverticulum in pharynx | Zenker diverticulum |
| What is used to diagnose a Zenker diverticulum? | Barium swallow |
| Site of diverticula | Sigmoid colon |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Cirrhotic liver |
| What conditions are strongly associated with HCC? | Hepatitis B and C, alcoholism, and hemochromatosis |
| Liver disease | Alcoholic cirrhosis |
| Primary liver cancer | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (Black liver) | Dubin-Johnson syndrome |
| What is the main deficit in Dubin-Johnson syndrome? | Inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile |
| Hereditary harmless jaundice | Gilbert syndrome |
| Benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia | Gilbert syndrome |
| Hemochromatosis is due to: | 1. Multiple blood transfusions 2. Hereditary HFE mutation |
| What is a common development of Hemochromatosis due to HFE mutation? | Heart failure, "bronze diabetes" , and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Pancreatitis (acute) | Gallstones and alcohol |
| Chronic pancreatitis | Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids) |
| Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage) | Sickle cell disease |
| Hemoglobin S | Sickle cell disease |
| Microcytic anemia | Iron deficiency |
| Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency | Bernard-Soulier syndrome |
| Defect In platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor | Bernard-Soulier syndrome |
| Hereditary bleeding disorder | von Willebrand disease |
| DIC | Severe sepsis, obsterictic complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, ALP |
| Malignancy associated with non-infectious fever | Hodgkin lymphoma |
| Type of Hodgkin lymphoma | Nodular sclerosing |
| t(14;18) | Follicular Lymphomas |
| BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene | Follicular lymphoma |
| t(8;14) | Burkitt lymphoma |
| c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene | Burkitt lymphoma |
| Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma |
| Primary bone tumor in adults | Multiple myeloma |
| Age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML: | ALL ---> Child CLL ---> Adult > 60 AML ---> Adult ~ 65 CML ---> Adult 45-85 |
| Malignancy (kids) | Leukemia, brain tumors |
| Death in CML | Blast crisis |
| t(9;22) | Philadelphia chromosome, CML |
| CML | BCR-ABL oncogene, tyrosinase activation |
| Vertebral compression fracture | Osteoporosis |
| Type I Osteoporosis | Postmenopausal women |
| Type II Osteoporosis | Elderly man or woman |
| HLA-B27 | Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome) |
| Death in SLE | Lupus nephropathy |
| Tumor of infancy | Strawberry hemangioma |
| Tumor that grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood | Strawberry hemangioma |
| Actinic (solar) keratosis | Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma |
| Cerebellar tonsillar herniation | Chiari I malformation |
| Atrophy of the mammillary bodies | Wernicke encephalopathy |
| Thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion | Wernicke encephalopathy |
| Viral encephalitis affecting the temporal lobe | HSV-1 |
| Hematoma- epidural | Rupture of middle meningeal artery |
| Hematoma due to head trauma | Epidural hematoma |
| Lentiform shaped intracranial bleeding on CT scan | Epidural hematoma |
| Hematoma - subdural | Rupture of bridging veins |
| Crescent-shaped intracranial bleeding on CT scan | Subdural hematoma |
| Dementia | Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts |
| Demyelinating disease in young women | Multiple sclerosis |
| Brain tumor (adults) | Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma |
| Pituitary tumor | Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma |
| Brain tumor in kids | Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma |
| Which is the supratentorial brain tumor in kids? | Craniopharyngioma |
| What is the infratentorial brain tumor in kids? | Medulloblastoma in the cerebellum |
| Mixed (UMN and LMN)motor neuron disease | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| Primary hyperaldosteronism | Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma |
| Nephrotic syndrome (adults) | Membranous nephropathy |
| Nephrotic syndrome (kids) | Minimal change disease |
| Glomerulonephritis (adults) | Berger disease (IgA nephropathy) |
| Another name for Berger disease? | IgA nephropathy |
| What are the 3 radiopaque kidney stones? | Calcium, Struvite, and Cysteine |
| Which is the radiolucent kidney stone? | Uric acid |
| What kind of organisms form struvite kidney stones? | Urease (+) organisms |
| What are common urease positive organisms that cause Struvite kidney stones? | Klebsiella, Proteus species, and S. saprophyticus |
| Ammonium kidney stones refer to: | Struvite |
| Obstruction of male urinary tract | BPH |
| Most common renal tumor | Renal cell carcinoma |
| Renal cell carcinoma is associated with ___________________ and _____________________ disease. | Smoking; von Hippel-Lindau |
| Which paraneoplastic syndromes are often associated with RCC? | EPO, renin, PTHrP, and ACTH |
| Primary amenorrhea | Turner syndrome |
| 45, XO or 45, XO/46, XX mosaic | Turner syndrome |
| Neuron migration failure | Kallmann syndrome |
| Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia | Kallmann syndrome |
| Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina | DES exposure in utero |
| Bilateral, benign ovarian tumor | Serous cystadenoma |
| Malignant ovarian tumor | Serous cystadenocarcinoma |
| Tumor in women | Leiomyoma |
| Which female tumor is estrogen dependent and not precancerous? | Leiomyoma |
| Gynecologic malignancy | Endometrial carcinoma |
| What is the MC USA gynecologic malignancy? | Endometrial carcinoma |
| What is the most common WORLDWIDE gynecologic malignancy? | Cervical carcinoma |
| Breast mass | Fibrocystic change, or carcinoma in postmenopausal women |
| Young woman, bening, breast tumor | Fibroadenoma |
| Breast cancer | Invasive ductal carcinoma |
| Testicular tumor | Seminoma |
| Seminoma is characterized by: | Malignant, radiosensitive, and increase in placental ALP |
| Right heart failure due to pulmonary cause | Cor pulmonale |
| Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, and blood stasis | Virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis) |
| Pulmonary hypertension | Idiopathic, heritable, left heart failure, lung disease, hypoxemic vasoconstriction, thromboembolic |
| SIADH | Small cell carcinoma of the lung |
Created by:
rakomi
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