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FA Review
Classic Lab findings and corresponding Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Decreased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum | Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality |
| Large granules in phagocytes, immunodeficiency | Chediak-Higashi disease |
| Congenital failure of phagolysosome formation is causative of? | Chediak-Higashi disease |
| Recurrent infections, eczema, thrombocytopenia | Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome |
| Branching gram positive rods with sulfur granules | Actinomyces israelii |
| Optochin sensitive: | S. pneumoniae |
| Optochin resistant: | viridans streptococci (s. mutans, S. ganguis) |
| Bacitracin sensitive: | S. pyogenes (groups A) |
| Bacitracin resistant: | S. agalactiae (group B) |
| Novobiocin sensitive: | S. epidermidis |
| Novobiocin resistant: | S. saprophyticus |
| Streptococcus bovis bacteremia | Colon cancer |
| Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify) | Ghon complex |
| Primary TB: Mycobacterium bacilli is seen with formation of? | Ghon complex |
| Bacteria-covered vaginal epithelial cells | "Clue cells" |
| What is the MC organism involved in the formation of "Clue cells"? | Gardnerella vaginallis |
| Ring-enhancing brain lesion on CT/MRI in AIDS | Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma |
| Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy | Chagas disease |
| What organism causes Chagas disease? | Trypanosoma cruzi |
| Heterophile antibodies | Infectious mononucleosis? |
| What is the MCC viral organism that causes Infectious mononucleosis? | EBV |
| Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies | Cowdry type A bodies |
| What organisms produces Cowdry type A bodies? | HSV and VZV |
| Eosinophilic globule in liver | Councilman body |
| What is represented with Councilman bodies? | Hepatocyte undergoing apoptosis |
| Which conditions or disease are see with Councilman bodies? | Viral hepatitis and Yellow fever |
| "Steeple" sign on frontal CXR | Croup |
| What virus causes Croup? | Parainfluenza |
| Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebellar neurons | Negri bodies of rabies |
| Atypical lymphocytes | EBV |
| Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies | "Owl eye" appearance of CMB |
| "Thumb sign" on lateral neck x-ray | Epiglottis |
| What is the most common cause of Epiglottis in adults? | Haemophilus influenzae infection |
| "Delta wave" on ECG, short PR interval, SVT | Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome |
| What is bypassed in the heart histology in a WPW patient? | Bundle of Kent bypasses AV node |
| "Boot-shaped" heart on x-ray | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| What is them most common cause of ToF's heart shape? | RVH |
| Rib notching in the inferior surface, seen on X-ray | Coarctation of the aorta |
| Heart nodules (granulomatous) | Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever) |
| Electrical alternans (alternating amplitude on ECG) | Pericardial tamponade |
| Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis | Primary hyperaldosetonises |
| What is another term used for Primary Hyperaldosteronism? | Conn syndrome |
| Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei with central clearing | "Orphan Annie" eyes nucle |
| Papillary carcinoma of the Thyroid is seen with? | "Orphan Annie" eyes nuclei |
| Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) | Microscopic polyangiitis and Eosinophilic with polyangiitis (MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA); Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA); Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA) |
| Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus | "Signet ring" |
| What classical histological finding in Gastric carcinoma? | "Signet ring" |
| Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies | Celiac disease |
| Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray | Ulcerative colitis |
| Loss of haustra | Ulcerative colitis |
| Thousands of polyps on colonoscopy | Familial adenomatous polyposis |
| Autosomal dominant; mutation of APC gene | Familial adenomatous polyposis |
| "Apple core" lesion on barium enema x-ray | Colorectal cancer |
| What side is most common to develop colorectal cancer? | Left side |
| Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell | Mallory body |
| What kind of cytoplasmic inclusions are seen in alcoholic liver disease? | Mallory body |
| Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles | Fatty liver disease |
| Which two syndromes are characterized by developing Fatty liver disease? | Alcoholic and Metabolic syndrome |
| "Nutmeg" appearance of liver | Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure or Budd-Chiari syndrome |
| Patient with normal right heart physiology and with a "nutmeg liver" is often due to: | Budd-Chiari syndrome |
| Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) | Primary Biliary cirrhosis |
| Female, cholestasis, portal hypertension, and positive AMA | Primary Biliary cirrhosis |
| Low serum ceruloplasmin | Wilson disease |
| Migratory thrombophlebitis | Trousseau syndrome |
| What are complications of migratory thrombophlebitis? | DVTs and Vasculitis |
| Positive Trousseau syndrome is indicative of which two adenocarcinomas? | Pancreas or Lung adenocarcinoma |
| Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs | Howell-Jolly bodies |
| What causes the appearance of Howell-Jolly bodies? | Splenectomy or non-functional spleen |
| Hypochromic, microcytic anemia | Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia |
| Basophilic stippling of RBCs | Lead poisoning or Sideroblastic anemia |
| "Hair on end" ("Crew-cut") appearance on x-ray | B-thalassemia, sickle cell disease |
| Marrow expansion causes what type of description on X-ray? | Crew-cut or Hair on end appearance |
| Hypersegmented neutrophils | Megaloblastic anemia |
| Antiplatelet antibodies | DVT, PE, DIC |
| Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions ("owl's eye") | Reed-Sternberg cells |
| Positive for Reed-Sternberg cells | Hodgkin lymphoma |
| Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages ("starry sky") histology | Burkitt lymphoma |
| t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV | Burkitt lymphoma |
| "Starry sky" made up of malignant cells | Burkitt lymphoma |
| Lytic ("punched-out") bone lesions on x -ray | Multiple myeloma |
| Monoclonal antibody spike: | 1. Multiple Myeloma (usually IgG or IgA) 2. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) 3. Waldenstrom (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia 4. Primary amyloidosis |
| Monoclonal IgG spike | Multiple Myeloma |
| Single IgM antibody spike | Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia |
| What is a the most common consequence of MGUS development? | Aging |
| Stacks of RBCs | Rouleaux formation |
| Which conditions are characterized with rouleaux formation of RBCs? | High ESR and Multiple myeoloma |
| Azurophilic peroxidase positive granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts | Auer rods |
| What condition is seen with Auer rods? | AML, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type |
| WBCs that look "smudged" | CLL |
| What cells is almost always affected in CLL | B cell |
| "Tennis-racquet"- shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells | Birbeck granules |
| What is the name given to the granules in Langerhans cell histiocytosis? | Birbeck granules |
| "Brown" tumor of bone | Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica |
| Deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color | Osteitis fibrosa cystica |
| Raised periosteum is seen _________________ bone lesions. | Aggressive |
| What are some examples of AGGRESSIVE bone lesion? | Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, osteomyelitis |
| A raised periosteum is also known as: | "Codman triangle" |
| "Soap bubble" in femur or tibia on x-ray | Giant cell tumor of bone |
| Giant cell tumor of the bone is generally is __________________. | Benign |
| "Onion skin" periosteal reaction | Ewing sarcoma |
| Malignant small blue cell tumor | Ewing sarcoma |
| Anti-IgG antibodies | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere and swan neck deformities | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Rhomboid crystals, + birefringent | Pseudogout |
| Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals | Pseudogout |
| Needle-shaped, negative birefringent crystals | Gout |
| Monosodium urate crystals | Gout |
| Increased uric acid levels | Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics |
| "Bamboo spine" on x-ray | Ankylosing spondylitis |
| Chronic inflammatory arthritis, HLA-B27 | Seronegative spondylitis |
| Antinuclear antibodies | SLE |
| ANAs are: | 1. anti-Smith 2. anti-dsDNA |
| What type of hypersensitivity is SLE? | Type III |
| Anti-topoisomerase antibodies | Diffuse systemic scleroderma |
| Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy | Squamous cell carcinoma |
| Antihistone antibodies | Drug-induced SLE |
| What drugs are associated in development of Drug-induced SLE? | Hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, and procainamide |
| Bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture | Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| Yellowish CSF | Xanthochromia |
| What is a common cause of Xanthochromia? | Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in neuron | Lewy body |
| What conditions are seen with Lewy bodies? | Parkinson disease and Lewy body dementia |
| Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain | Senile plaques |
| Senile plaques are associated with which degenerative condition? | Alzheimer disease |
| Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra | Parkinson disease |
| Basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia | Parkinson disease |
| Parkinson disease is associated with which kind of tremor? | Resting tremor |
| Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein | Neurofibrillary tangles and Pick bodies |
| Neurofibrillary tangles made of Tau protein are seen in: | Alzheimer disease |
| Pick bodies made of ____________protein, are seen in Pick disease. | Tau |
| SIlver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons | Pick bodies |
| Progressive dementia, changes in personality, and Positive Pick bodies | Pick disease |
| Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy | Glioblastoma multiforme |
| Circular groping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils | Homer-Wright rosettes |
| Positive Homer-Wright rosettes are seen in which brain tumors? | 1. Neuroblastoma 2. Medulloblastoma |
| "Waxy" casts with very low urine flow | Chronic end-stage renal disease |
| RBC casts in urine | Glomerulonephritis |
| "Tram-track" appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy | Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis |
| Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli | Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules |
| Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules are seen in: | Diabetic nephropathy |
| Podocyte fusion or "effacement" on electron microscopy | Minimal change disease |
| Child with nephrotic syndrome (MCC) | Minimal change disease |
| "Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" subepithelial deposits | Membranous nephropathy |
| Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies | Goodpasture syndrome |
| Glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis | Goodpasture syndrome |
| Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule | Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis |
| "Wire loop" glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy | Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis |
| Which kinds of Glomerulonephritis is often seen with Lupus? | Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis |
| Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular and alveolar basement membranes | Goodpasture syndrome |
| "Lumpy bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence | Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis |
| Due to deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3 in glomerular basement membrane | Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis |
| Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis | Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener) and Goodpasture syndrome |
| Thyroid-like appearance of kidney | Chronic pyelonephritis |
| WBC casts in urine | Acute pyelonephritis |
| Renal epithelial casts in urine | Intrinsic renal failure |
| What are the most common causes of intrinsic renal failure? | Ischemia and toxic injury |
| hCG elevated | Choriocarcinoma and hydatidiform mole |
| Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with "raisinoid" nuclei and hyperchromasia | Koilocytes |
| Which characteristic cells are seen in HPV infection? | Koilocytes |
| HPV infection predisposes to: | Cervical cancer |
| + Psammoma bodies: | Meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary |
| Diassrayed granulosa cells arranged around collection of eosinophilic fluid | Call-Exner bodies |
| What kind of inclusion bodies are seen in Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary? | Call-Exner bodies |
| "Chocolate cyst" of ovary | Endometriosis |
| Mammary gland cyst | Fibrocystic change of the breast |
| "Blue domed" cyst of the breast | Fibrocystic change of the breast |
| Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells | Schiller-Duval bodies |
| Yolk sac tumor is seen with: | Schiller-Duval bodies |
| Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells | Reinke crystals |
| Reinke crystals are seen in which type of tumor? | Leydig cell tumor |
| Thrombi made of white/red layers | Lines of Zahn |
| Arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs | Lines of Zahn |
| Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions | Bronchial asthma |
| Bronchial asthma is seen with? | Charcot-Leyden crystals |
| What are the Charcot-Leyden crystals? | Eosinophilic granules seen in bronchial asthma secretions |
| Desquamated epithelial casts in sputum | Curschmann spirals |
| What is the name of the whorled mucous plugs seen in Bronchial asthma? | Curschmann spirals |
| "Honeycomb lung" on x-ray or CT | Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis |
| Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs | Cystic fibrosis |
| Autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene --> fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs | Cystic fibrosis |
| Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum | Ferruginous bodies |
| Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging | Pancoast tumor |
| What condition may compress the cervical sympathetic chain and cause Horner's syndrome? | Pancoast tumor |
Created by:
rakomi
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