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Bio 113 Final MC
Study Guide Compilation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is modern synthesis? | centered on biological evolution (focused on organisms) |
| What is molecular synthesis? | centered on gene expression (focused on the structure of DNA) |
| What are the characteristics of organisms? | cellular organization, ordered complexity, sensitivity, growth, development, and reproduction, energy utilization, homeostasis, evolutionary adaptions |
| What is biology? | the study of living things (science of life) |
| Cellular level consists of? | atoms, molecules, organelles, cells |
| Organismal level consists of? | tissues, organs, organ system, |
| Population level consists of? | population, species, biological community |
| Ecosystem level consists of? | ecosystem (energy levels) |
| Biosphere consists of? | Entire planet (biosphere) |
| What is the geological time scale? | survey of living organisms |
| What did Linnaeus do? | system placed organisms that look alike in the same group. Believed nature is and has always been stable. FORMALIZED BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM WE USE TODAY |
| What is the biological classification system? | designed to retrieve and store information efficiently |
| Key is defined as what? | binomial scientific name |
| Why is Latin used? | "culturally neutral" |
| What is hierarchial? | every rank is larger and more inclusive than the one below |
| What does the biological classification system consist of? (hierarchial) | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum (division), Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| What is taxonomy? | the science of classifying things |
| What is Darwin's theory of biological evolution? | nature changes constantly, new groups arise from existing groups. Believed organisms that look alike are closely related. |
| What is phylogenic classification? | constructed evolutionary tree that show which organisms are descended from which ancestors. |
| What are systematics? | the study of biological diversity and its evolutionary history (goal: to reveal and present summary from the evolutionary history of all creatures on Earth: Phylogentic trees) |
| What is Monophletic? | A taxon in which all members are descendents of a common ancestral species. |
| What is divergence? | Organisms adapt for different ways of life |
| What is Convergence? | different organisms come to resemble each other due to similar habitats |
| What is Homologous Structures? | common ancestor but structure is used for different functions |
| What is Analogous Structures? | adaptations look and function the same but are formed from different tissue |
| What is Ancestral Characteristics? | characteristics shared by virtually all members of group |
| William Henning produced what? | Cladistics |
| What are cladistics? | classified based on shared derived characteristics(cladograms)(clades include recent common ancestor of a group plus all its descendents) |
| What is paraphyletic? | single celled, don't contain internal compartments (with specialized functions) |
| What shape do cocci take? | spheres |
| What shape do bacillus take? | rod |
| what shape do spirilla take? | spirals |
| Identity of prokaryotes depends on what? | proteins it can produce |
| What is ecology's most important role? | decompostion |
| Prokaryotes are what? | single celled, dont contain internal compartments (with specialized functions) |
| Prokaryotes reproduce how? | binary fission |
| Prokaryotes are characterized by great what? | metabolic diversity |
| What is metabolism? | all chemical reactions that take place (living organisms must have energy to live and raw materials to construct body, grow, reproduce. |
| Photoautotroph use what? | sunlight to make CO2 |
| Photoheterotrophs use what? | sunlight to make organic molecules |
| Chemolithoautotroph use what? | inorganic molecules to make CO2 |
| chemohetertorouph use what? | organic molecules to make molecules |
| Areobes must have what? | oxygen |
| anaerobes are? | poisoned by oxygen |
| Facultative anaerobes use what? | use oxygen if available, but do not require it |
| Carl Woese proposed what? | domains above kingdoms |
| In bacteria, cells live within walls made of what? | peptoglycon |
| Cyanobacteria do what? | produce oxygen allowed life to colonize shallow waters and the land |
| Nitrogen fixers do what? | live symbiotically within roote |
| Rhizobium live where? | within the roots of the bean family (rely on enzime nitrogenase) |
| Examples of human pathogens | Tuberculosis and STDs |
| What are some benefits of bacteria? | food(buttermilk, yogurt), industry(acetic acid, acetone), Antibiotics, Bioremediation (clean oil spills), Biotechnology (genetically engineered bacteria in industrial quantities- insulin with e.coli |
| Kingdom archeabacteria is known as what? | Ancient ones |
| Archea produce what? | fats with a unique structure |
| Methanogen anaerobes are what? | most important producers of Methane |
| Extremeophiles include what? | thermophiles, halophiles, pH tolerant, psychrophiles, barophiles |
| thermophiles are what? | heat lovers, anaerobes |
| halophiles are what? | salt lovers, photosynthetic |
| pH tolerant includes what? | extreme acidophiles: acid (low pH) Extreme Alkaphiles: basic (high pH) |
| Psychrophiles are what? | cold lovers |
| Barophiles are what? | pressure lovers, use energy for maintence rather than reproduction, found in deep oil wells, near sea vents |
| Nonextreme archaea are found where? | found in in same habitats as bacteria, very common in oceans |
| Eukaryotes include what four kingdoms? | animalia (animals), Fungi (fungi), Plantae (plants), Protista (protists) |
| Eukaryotes include what? | internal compartments |
| Eukaryotes internal compartments contain what? | Nucleus: control center of cell Mitochondria:"furnace" or power house (burns carbohydrates to supply energy, almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria) |
| What do cellular slime molds do in response to starvation? | engage in sexual reproduction |
| cellular slime molds aggregate to form what? | slug |
| Cellular Slime molds sexual reproduction consists of what? | two ameoba fuse to form zygote, zygote attracts herd, and eats them, produces new herd with new genetic makeup |
| Euglenoids swim using what? | flagellum, wall-pellicle |
| Euglenoids have a stigma (photorecptor) made of what? | rhodopsin(same as in our retinas) |
| What phylum does kinetoplastids belong to? | Euglenozoa |
| What are kinetoplastids? | single-celled heterotrouphs, have unique mitochondria |
| what are trypanosomes? | blood parasites |
| What are examples of trypanosomes? | Chagas Disease (kissing bugs) Sleeping Sickness (spread by tsetse flies |
| Red algae belongs to what phylum? | Rhodphyta |
| Red algae uses pigments for what? | absorb wavelengths of light they don't reflect |
| Red algae absorb what type of light? | violet and blue |
| What does polysaccharides do for red algae? | reinforce their cell walls |
| What are the 2 types of kelp? | Agar, Carrageenan |
| What is agar? | used in gel capsules, cosmetics, quick setting jellies, growth medium for mircoorganisms |
| What is carrageenan? | emulsifier: helps keep mixtures of liquids that have different densities from seperating (paints,cosmetics, dairy products) |
| What reinforces the walls of coralline algae? | calcium carbonate |
| Dinoflagellates belong to what phylum? | Alveolata |
| Apicomplexans belong to what phylum? | Alveolata |
| What are dinoflagellates? | two flagella in perpindicular grooves, spins like a top |
| What does zooanthellae do? (dinoflagellates) | produce food and allow coral reefs to flourish |
| Dinoflagellates produce what? | red tides (nerve poison) |
| What are apicomplexans? | non-mobile, life cycles require multiple hosts: (mosquito to human) |
| What is an example of apicomplexans? | Malaria multiplies in liver and infects red blood cells |
| Ciliates belong to what phylum? | alveolata |
| What are ciliates? | swim with cilia, scoop food into gullet, body surface called pellicle (Macronucleus=large, micronucleus= small) |
| What phylum does brown algae belong to? | stramenopila |
| brown algae cell walls are reinforced with what? | polysaccharides: Algin(emulsifier:dairy, salad dressing, beer foam, pie) |
| A kelps body is made up of? | Blade, stipe, holdfast |
| Diatoms belong to what phylum? | stamenopila |
| What are diatoms? | live in glass house; Opaline silica glass |
| Pennate diatoms are? | bilaterally symmetric |
| Centric diatoms are? | radially symmetric |
| Asexual reproduction in diatoms is best explained by? | both daughters get half of the shell and synthesize the other half |
| Sexual reproduction in diatoms is best described as? | takes place to reestablish the original size of species (30% maximum size) |
| What are oomycetes? | water molds |
| Water molds have what kind of digestion? | external (decomposers) |
| What are examples of water molds? | late blight of potatoes, Downy Mildew grapes |
| What are sponge ancestors? | choanoflagellates |
| how do choanoflagellates feed? | flagellum moves food through collar, food particles filtered out by collar are eaten |
| oomycetes belong to what phylum? | stramenopila |
| choanoflagellates belong to what phylum? | stramenopila |
| Green algae belongs to what phylum? | chlorophyta |
| What is green algae's primary photosynthetic pigment? | chlorophyll |
| green algae's growth forms are what? | single cells, colonies, seaweeds |
| Green algae has an eyespot with what? | rhodopsin |
| advanced chlorophyta have what? | rhizoids, stem, leaves |
| Kingdom plantae's ancestor is what? | green algae |
| chloroplasts do what? | traps light for use in photosynthesis, found in all photosynthetic eukaryotes) |
| what is amoeboid movement? | move by changing shape of their body |
| what is the endosymbiosis theory? | explains origin of eukaryotic cell(endosymbiosis: refers to a smaller organism within the body of a larger "mutualistic relationship |
| Lynn Margulis believed what? | mitochondria and chloroplast descended from free-living bacteria |
| Mitosis occurs in what type of cell division? | eukaryotes |
| meiosis occurs in what type of cell division? | eukaryotes |
| What is mitosis? | produces exact copy of the parent cell |
| what is meiosis? | special cell division that only occurs as part of sexual reproduction, produces gamete with half the genetic material of the parent cell |
| In sexual reproduction in eukaryotes gametes fuse to form what? | zygote(sperm and egg) |
| What are the three key characteristics of eukaryotes? | Compartmentalization(allows specialization of function inside cell) , multicellularity(allows organisms to respond to their environment in complex and novel ways, sexual reproduction(produces genetic variation among offspring) |
| Kingdom Protista is defined as what? | single celled-organisms, not plants, not animals, not fungi |
| Amoebas belong to what kingdom? | protista |
| Amoeba's pseudopods are what? | flowing projections of cytoplasm |
| amoebas live where? | live in damp soil and freshwater |
| Why are amoebas significant to humans? | may cause entamoeba histolytica and naegleriafowleri |
| Plasmodial slime molds belong to what kingdom? | protista |
| plasmodial slime molds feed as what? | plasmodium |
| plasmodial slime molds move by? | amoeboid motion |
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naynuh
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