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Cell Regulation
patho lecture 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| etiology | the original cause of a cellular alteration or disease |
| histology | the microscopic study of tissues and cells |
| pathognomonic changes | unique histological findings that represent distinctive disease processes |
| what two types of changes can happen to cells that are under the influence of etiological agents | adaptive and maladaptive |
| what can happen when an etiological agent is overwhelming | cell injury can occur |
| what can happen when the cell injury is irreversible | the cell dies :( |
| atrophy | when cells revert to smaller size in response to changes in the metabolic demand |
| causes of cellular atrophy | disuse paralysis loss of hormonal stimulation inadequate nutrition ischemia aging |
| ischemia | lack of blood flow |
| hypertrophy | increased cell size, causes increased metabolic demand |
| angiogenesis | growth of new blood vessel branches |
| physiological hypertrophy | everything grows together, ex: weight lifting |
| pathological hypertrophy | one things grow while others dont, ex: left ventricle hypertrophy |
| with physiological hypertrophy, there is ______ angiogenesis, and with pathological hypertrophy, there is ______ angiogenesis | more, less |
| hyperplasia | increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, ex: scarring and prostates |
| metaplasia | replacement of one cell type with another |
| dysplasia | deranged cell growth on specific tissue |
| neoplasia | new cell growth within a specific tissue/organ, benign or malignant |
| what is it called when neoplastic cells are well-differentiated | benign |
| what is it called when neoplastic cells are poorly-differentiated | malignant |
| differentiation | the extent that neoplastic cells resemble normal cells |
| what is the most common metastatic site | lymph nodes |
| what system is used to classify tumors | TNM- Tumor Nodes Metastasis |
| paraneoplastic | issues that happen but are not related to cancer |
| cachexia | loss of body mass |
| when does cell injury occur | when the cell is under severe stress, when it is unable to maintain homeostasis |
| basic concepts of cellular injury | dysfunction od sodium potassium pump loss of plasma membrane integrity defects in protein synthesis intracellular accumulations genetic damage |
| what happens when the plasma membrane loses integrity | anything can enter the cell, some which can damage the cell |
| intracellular accumulations | cells accumulate a lot of something, ex: Xanthelasma- accumulation of cholesterol around the eyelids |
| how does genetic damage impact the cell | it can cause mutations which can change the cells structure and function |
| causes of cell injury | hypoxia free radical physical agents chemical agents infectious agents infectious agents immunological reactions genetic defects nutritional imbalances |
| the most common cause of cell injury | hypoxia |
| hypoxia | o2 deprivation |
| causes of hypoxia | anemia low o2 in environment o2 can't diffuse in alveoli suffocation suffocation airway obstruction |
| free radical | when the cell can't remove the unstable o2(free radical) that is a by product of oxidative phosphorylation |
| oxidative phosphorylation | the process of generating energy in the mitochondria |
| physical agents of injury | gunshot frostbite sunburn high bp- causes damage to vessels |
| two types of chemical agents of injury | endogenous exogenous |
| endogenous chemical agent of injury | issues inside the body that cause damage ex: sodium, causes dehydration |
| exogenous chemical agents of injury | sources outside the body that cause damage drugs pollutants poisons NSAIDS |
| examples of infectious agents of injury | bacteria virus etc |
| injurious immunological reactions | when the immune system over reacts and attacks the body's own cells, causing damage ex: seasonal allergies, can cause itchy eyes and sneezing |
| how can nutritional imbalances cause cell innjury | starvation-not enough nutrients obesity- excessive fat causes damage to heart malnutrition- not enough of each micronutrient |
| two major forms of cell death | apoptosis necrosis |
| apoptosis | cell programmed death doesn't affect surrounding cells |
| necrosis | cells die bc of stress affects surrounding cells ex: inflammation |
| gangrene | dead tissue that is a medium for different bacteria |
| ex of bacteria that can reside in gangrene | clostridium perfringens |
| infarction | also called ischemic necrosis death of tissue as a consequence of prolonged ischemia |
| ways to treat permeant cell injury | transplantation restoration with stem cells reproductive cloning therapeutic cloning |
| most common form of cell injury | hypoxia |
| hypoxia | o2 deprovation |
| causes of hypoxia | anemia low o2 in environment 02 can't diffuse in alveoli suffocation airway obstruction |
| hypoxia causes cell to enter _______ ________ | anaerobic metabolism |
| free radical injury | when cells can't remove all of the unstable o2 (free radicals) in the cell |
| the process in which cells cells generate energy in the mitochondria | oxidative phosphorylation |
| examples of physical agents of injury | gunshot sunburn frostbite high bp (damages vessels) |
| two types of chemical agents of injury | endogenous exogenous |
| endogenous | things inside the body that cause damage |
| example of endogenous chemical agent of injury | high sodium levels in blood stream- cell dehydration |
| examples of exogenous chemical agents of injury | drugs pollutants poisons NSAIDS |
Created by:
hannah.feaster
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