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Biology of the Mind
psychology chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biological psychology | the links between biology & behavior |
| neuron | nerve cell; basic building block of nervous system |
| sensory neurons | carry messages from body to brain & spinal cord |
| motor neurons | carry messages from brain & spinal cords to the muscles |
| interneurons | internal communication system |
| dendrite | bushy fibers, receive messages |
| axon | sends messages to another neuron, muscle, or gland |
| myelin sheath | layer of fatty tissue attached to the axon (helps it jump faster) |
| action potential | neural impulse |
| threshold | level of stimulation that must be exceeded for a neuron to fire |
| synapse | junction of 2 neurons |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals in the ends of nerves that send information |
| reuptake | absorption of excess neurotransmitters |
| endorphins | neurotransmitters that relieve pain & increase sense of being. |
| nervous system | speedy electrochemical communication system (includes all nerve cells) |
| central nervous system (CNS) | inner core (brain & spinal cord) |
| peripheral nervous system | all other nerves (eyes, arms, etc) |
| nerves | connect CNS w. muscles, glands |
| somatic nervous system | controls voluntary movements |
| autonomic nervous system | controls involuntary movements |
| sympathetic nervous system | speeds things up, prepares body for fight or flight |
| parasympathetic nervous system | brings body back to normal state |
| reflex | simple automatic in-born responses to sensory stimuluses |
| endocrine system | slower chemical communication; glands that secrete hormones |
| hormones | chemical messengers produced in one tissue & travel to another |
| adrenal glands | produce epinephrine & nor epinephrine; prepare body to deal with emergency & stress |
| pituitary gland | under influence in hypothalamus; regulates growth in endocrine glands |
| lesion | destruction of tissue help determine functions in brain |
| electroencephalogram (EEG) | related to the brain, records waves of electrical activity |
| PET | measures consumption of glucose in brain |
| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) | technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue; show brain anatomy |
| fMRI | a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans; show brain function |
| brainstem | oldest part and central core of brain |
| medulla | the base of the brainstem; controls hearbeat & breathing |
| reticular formation | a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal |
| thalamus | brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla |
| cerebellum | the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance. |
| limbic system | neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives |
| amygdala | two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion |
| hypothalamus | directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward |
| cerebral cortex | intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information- processing center. |
| glial cells | cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. |
| frontal lobes | portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments |
| parietal lobes | portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head; receives sensory input for touch and body position |
| occipital lobes | receive information from the visual fields. |
| temporal lobes | receives information primarily from the opposite ear for auditory needs |
| motor cortex | controls voluntary movements. at the rear of the frontal lobes |
| sensory cortex | area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |
| plasticity | brain's ability to change, especially during childhood by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience |
| neurogenesis | formation of new neurons |
| corpus callosum | large band of neural fibers connection the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them |
| split brain | condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them |
Created by:
Katherine Burr
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