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Geo Exam 3

QuestionAnswer
8. What is the difference between earthquake magnitude and intensity? What scales are used to measure each? Intensity- Damage Shaking- Mercado scale Magnitude- Energy Released- Richter scale
9. What two factors are used to determine the Richter magnitude of an earthquake? Amplitude of biggest seismic wave a. Time lag between arrival of p and a-waves
10. By how much do the seismic wave amplitude and released energy increase with each unit of the Richter scale? +1 on Richter scale = 10x wave amplitude = 32x energy released
11. What four factors determine the degree of damage to a structure in an earthquake? Duration of shaking Intensity of shaking What structure is on (substrate) Building materials
12. What is liquefaction? Sediment behaves as fluid & loses all strength while being shaken
13. What kinds of secondary events can an earthquake cause? Fire Tsunami Landslides Ground substances
14. What kind of building materials are weakest in an earthquake? How can they be strengthened? Unreinforced masonry -Steel reinforcement, bracing
15. How do base isolators protect a building in an earthquake? Isolates building from ground —> allows it to stay still with inertia
16. How do dougong beams protect a building in an earthquake? Absorb shaking, keep building & roof stable
17. How does seismic bracing strengthen a building? Triangles bracing, resists shearing
18. Describe a fall, a slide, and a flow. Fall- free fall of detached pieces of any size- rolling, bouncing, etc. Slide- cohesive block slides along a surface of separation Flow- incoherent mass- includes water
19. What are the differences between a translational slide and a rotational slide (slump) straight surface vs. block rotates backward as it slides
20. In what kind of sediment is a slump likely to occur? How are they triggered? Thick, cohesive sediment a. Oversteepening
21. In what kind of sediment or rock is a translational slide likely to occur? Tilted layers
22. What is the climate in southern California? Semi-arid
23. Is a lahar a slide, a fall, or a flow? Flow
24. How can a slope become oversteepened? Water- ocean, river
25. What kinds of bedrock are most likely to develop sinkholes? Limestone bedrock
27. How do dissolution, cover-subsidence, and cover-collapse sinkholes form? Cover- subsidence a. Thick, sandy overburden b. Water seeps down, dissolves bedrock and sinks c. Land collapse Cover-collapse a. Clay overburden b. Bedrock dissolves Clay starts to fall in arch
28. What is karst terrain? Evoded limestone terrain - caves, sinkholes
29. Is Rhode Island’s bedrock likely to form sinkholes? No
30. What series of events led to the debris flows in Devore, California in December 2003? Fires —> heavy rain —> debris flows
31. What is a watershed or drainage basin? The land area that supplies a river with water
32. What divides watersheds from one another? Drainage divided
33. What is a tributary? A river or stream that flows into another river or stream
34. What is the thalweg? Where can you find it in a stream channel? Line of deepest, fastest flow -Outside of curves
35. What happens on the outside of a river bend? What happens on the inside? Outside of bend erotion Inside bend deposition
36. What is an oxbow, and how does it form? Oxbow = abandoned meander -River cuts off loop
37. What are incised or entrenched meanders, and how do they form? Meander from a canyon -River is duh in, river carves down as land surface rises
38. What are the three types of sediment load in a river? Dissolved load Suspended load Bedload
39. How does bedload move along a river bed? Creep = rolling & sliding saltation-hops into current briefly
40. What kind of river channels develop into a braided stream? Large sediment load
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of living on a floodplain? Advantages Freshwater Irrigation Fertile soil Transportation Disadvantages Floods Pollution
2. What causes river floods? Rain & snow Dam breaks Runoff from impervious surfaces Hurricanes (tidal rivers) = storm surge
3. What is a flash flood? In what kinds of climates are they a significant hazard? Lasts < 6 hours Arid + semi-arid
5. Can a rock be porous but not permeable? Yes
6. How does overpumping groundwater lead to ground subsidence? Sediment grains collapse together - ground sinks
7. What can happen as a result of overpumping groundwater in a coastal area? Saltwater contamination
8. Is it easy to clean up contaminated groundwater? No
9. What is the definition of sanitation? Clean water in, Dirty water out
10. What sanitary arrangement did the ancient Indus city of Mohenjo-Daro have? Houses had drains —> covered drains —> common cesspit
11. How did the ancient city of Pergamon bring water in to supplement the local supply? What were its pipes made of? Aqueducts Triple terra - cotta pipes
12. How can water be taken across a deep valley without using a bridge? U-bend (inverted siphon)
13. What two forces drive ancient and modern urban water supplies? Gravity & hydraulic pressure
14. What major historic engineering structure was built on the island of Samos around 550 B.C.? Tunnel of Eupalinos
15. How did ancient civilizations protect their water supplies from sabotage? Buried then
16. How many aqueducts eventually served ancient Rome? Nine
17. What water source did the city of Flint, Michigan start to use in April 2014? The flint river
18. When chlorine reacts with algae, leaves, and weeds in water, what kind of harmful chemicals are produced? Trihalomethane
19. What chemical compound do cities add to their water supply to protect lead pipes from corrosion by water? What does this compound form when it combines with lead? Phosphate —> lead phosphate
20. Did Flint treat its water source to prevent pipe corrosion? No
21. Why is the Flint River high in chloride? Road salt
22. How does chloride affect iron pipes? Increases corrosion
23. How does lead affect the blood and the brain? Interferes with production of hemoglobin Substitutes for calcium in neural pathways
24. What are two cities that have also had, or presently have, problems with lead in the water supply? Newark, NJ Washington, DC
25. What communities are disproportionately burdened by particulate air pollution? Poor communities, especially communities of color
Define- unconfined aquifer water can freely move from surface down to aquifer
Define- confined aquifer aquifer is under an impermeable layers
Define- porosity % open space
Define- permeability ability to transmit water
Define- aquitard slow down water. Semi-permeable
Define- aquiclude stops water impermeable
Created by: Tony_V
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