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Stack #31552
biology semester review guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Autotroph | produces own food from inorganic substances |
| heterotroph | obtains organic food by eating other organisms or their by-products |
| unicelled | composed of one cell |
| Multicelled | composed of multiple cells |
| Gram Staining | involves several steps of adding various chemicals. bacteria may change color depending if it is gram + or gram - |
| Gram staining (steps) | (crystal violet, iodine, wash safranin) |
| Gram positive | bacterial stays purple |
| Gram negative | bacteria tuns pink |
| prokarvote | lacks a nucleus + membrane bound organelles |
| Eukaryotes | has a nucleus + membrane bound organelles |
| host | organism that supports a parsite |
| parasite | obtains its nutrition at the expense of another |
| virus traits | not living |
| fungi traits | heterotrophs, eukaryotic, reproduce by spores |
| protist traits | eukaryotes, single celled, microscopic |
| bacteria traits | microscopic, prokaryotes, primitive |
| nonvascular plant traits | short, reproduce by spores |
| vascular plant traits | tubes, tall |
| virus (ex.) | colds, HIV, flu, chicken pox |
| fungi (ex.) | mushrooms, mold, mildew, yeast |
| protist (ex.) | paramecium, eugiena |
| bacteria (ex.) | baccilus, coccus, spirilus |
| nonvascular plant (ex.) | liver worts, hornwarts |
| vascular plant (ex.) | gymnosperm, angiosperm |
| virus (rel. size) | smallest |
| fungi (rel. size) | small |
| protist (rel. size) | bigger than bacteria |
| bacteria (rel. size) | bigger than virus |
| nonvascular plant (rel. size) | 2nd largest |
| vascular plant (rel. size) | largest |
| virus (benefits) | none |
| fungi (benefits) | decomposer, part of food chain |
| protist (benefits) | make O2, part of food chain |
| bacteria (benefits) | make fossil fuels, good decomposers |
| nonvascular plant (benefits) | food, oxygen |
| vascular plant (benefits) | food, oxygen |
| virus (harms) | makes you sick |
| fungi (harms) | toenail fungus, ergot, farmers lung |
| protist (harms) | algea blooms, protist infection |
| bacteria (harms) | makes you sick |
| nonvascular plant (harms) | none |
| vascular plant (harms) | none |
| dehydration synthestis | monomer --> polymer (and looses H2O) |
| hydrolysis | polymer --> monomer (and gains H2O) |
| enzymes | speed up chemical reactions (names typically end in -ase |
| characteristics of all true living organisms (6) | cells, DNA, reproduction, adapt, die, need energy |
| covalent bond | share electrons |
| ionic bonds | steal electrons |
| carbohydrates (polymer) | polysaccharide, starch rice, bread, potatoes |
| protein (polymer) | enzymes, polypeptides, meat, cheese, egg white |
| lipids (polymer) | lard, wax, cellulose, hormones |
| nucleic acid (polymer) | DNA, RNA |
| carbohydrates (monomer) | sugar, (monosaccharide) |
| protein (monomer) | Amino acid |
| lipids (monomer) | fatty acids, glycerol |
| nucleic acid (monomer) | nucleotides |
| the scientific method (steps) | 1. observe, 2. ask a question, 3. gather information, 4. make a hypothesis, 5. conduct an experiment, 6. draw conclusion |
| control (importance of) | want to be able to the experimental group |
| mitochondria (function) | burns glucose to make ATP CO2 |
| lysome (function) | breaks down dead organelles and kills cells |
| nucleus (function) | holds chromosomes + nucleolus |
| nucleolus (function) | makes riosomes |
| ribosome (function) | makes protein by assembly of long chains of amino acids |
| chloroplast (function) | uses light photosynthesis make food |
| cell wall (function) | supports and protects the cell |
| cell membrane (function) | protects cell (allows only certain things to come in and out) |
| vacuole (function) | storage of water (plants). stores lipids + carbs (animals) |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum (function) | transports proteins |
| golgi body (function) | packages proteins for shipment |
| centrioles (function) | anchors spindle fiber in cell division |
| cytoplasm (function) | juice inside the cell |
| atoms | smallest part of an element |
| molecules | made up of several atoms |
| macromolecules | composed of smaller molecules |
| electron | has a negative charge, orbits the nucleus |
| proton | a subatomic particle with a positive charge |
| neutron | a subatomic particle with no charge |
| isomer | one, two, or more compounds that differ in structure but not in molecular composition |
| pH scale | compares acids to bases on a 1 - 14 scale |
| pH of 0 | very acidic |
| pH of 7 | neutral |
| pH of 14 | very basic |
| a solution is basic if... | it has more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions |
| why is water a polar compound? | one side of the molecule is slightly negative (Oxygen) and the other side is slightly positive (Hydrogen) |
| water's molecular shape, polarity and charges | hydrogesn's electrons orbit closer to the oxygen because of the difference in atom's weight. |
| bryopyhtes | nonvascular, moss, liverworts, horn worts |
| traceophytes | vascular |
| 3 reasons why viruses are not alive | they can't reproduce, arent made of cells, and don't use energy |
| endospore | survival structure that bacteria use to preserve genetic information prior to "death" |
| 3 traits of all true protists | eukarotic, unicellular, aquatic and microscopic |
| 3 bacterial diseases | flu, pnumonia, strep throat |
| 3 viral diseases | chicken pox, cold, hiv |
| 3 conditions necessary for fungal growth | warm, moist , with a food source |
| 3 ways bacteria can move | flagella, slime layer, corkscrew rotation |
| why is it hard t make a vaccine for HIV? | because it keeps mutating |
| commom characteristics protist group (animal like) | heterotrophs, move to eat |
| commom characteristics protist group (plant like) | autrophic, don't move |
| commom characteristics protist group (fungus like) | reproduce by spores |
| advantage protists have to an aquatic ecosystem | oxygen, food |
| disadvantages of a protist in an ecosystem | overpopulation, algea blooms |
| factors impact how many fish you can sustain in your bottle | disolved oxygen and food needed |
| parafocal | when you switch objectives and it stays in focus |
| magnification | to make it appear larger |
| resolution | how clear it is (when you increase the power the resolution decreases) |
| field of view | what you can see when you look through the microscope |
| total magnification for our microscopes set on low, medium, and high. | 40X, 100X, 400X |
| mono | one |
| diplo | two |
| tetra | four |
| strepto | chain |
| staphylo | cluster |
| obligate anaerobes | can't survive in the presence of oxygen |
| faculatative anaerobes | can live with or without oxygen |
| obligate aerobes | can't survive without oxygen |
| three ways that bacteria can change / mutate their DNA | conjunction, transformation, transduction |
| conjunction | exchange plasmids through tubes |
| transformation | accept / steal DAN from another organism |
| transduction | when a virus steal one bacteria's DNA and injects it into anothr |
| how are vaccinations used to treat disease | they are for viruses and you get the before you are sick |
| how are antibotics used to treat disease | they are for bacteria and are taken after you get infected |
| what benefits to humans do bacteria serve | they help with sewage treatment, recycling of waste, and making certain antibiotics |
| what is a bacteriaphage | a form of virus that infects bacteria |
| first stage of the lytic cycle | virus lands |
| second stage of the lytic cycle | cell membrane is disolved and genetic information is injected into the cell |
| third stage of the lytic cycle | cell begins to construct virus parts |
| forth stage of the lytic cycle | host cell assembles the viruses (virons) |
| fifth stage of the lytic cycle | host cell rupture releasing up to 300 new viuses |
| homeostasis | the ability for a cell to maintain its internal environment |
| osmosis | diffusion of water molecules througha semi-permeable or selectively permeable membrane |
| diffusion | particles distribute themselves equally through out a given area |
| hypertonic solution | more water inside a cell than outside, so water goes out, cell shrinks |
| hypotonic solution | more water outside a cell than inside, so water goes in, cell swells |
| exocytosis | the exit of large particles from the cell |
| pinocytosis | type of passive transport and endocytosis that allows in liquids |
| phagocytosis | type of passive transport and endocytosis that lets in large particles |
| active transport | movement of large \ special molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentrationthrough the protein channel |
| Dbh | a number that describes the size of a tree trunck |
| why do foresters us a "plot" to determine the health of a forest | it would be nearly impossible to measure the entire forsest |
| what data do you collect from a core sample | you can tell what type of soil lies underground |
| how do core samples help determine what will grow in that area | if soil has too much clay it will retain water, too much sand and the water goes right through. this affects the types of plants that will grow there |
| biotic factors | trees, plants, bugs |
| abiotic factors | rocks, twigs, soil |
| even distribution | trees are spaced evenly |
| uneven distribution | trees are scattered and clumped |
| impacts a plots stability | species variety |
| primary producers in bottle | the plants |
| producers produce what? | oxygen and food |
| determines the number of fish sustainanable in a bottle | amounts of oxygen, food source, good water, temp. and pH |
| what is an algea bloom | algea starts reproducing at an alarming rate eventually overwhelming the rest of the popuilation of the bottle |
| are you ready for your exam | damn right I am! |
Created by:
cnhaney
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