Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Ch 2-5
Campell textbook/ Biology I Final Dr Levin @ Loyola Maryland
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Primary elements making up most of human body weight | Oxygen (65%), Carbon (18.5%), Hydrogen (9.5%), Nitrogen (3.3%). We are made mostly of Carbon and water "Orange Cake Has Nuts". |
| Minor elements making up human body weight | Sodium and Potassium (sodium-potassium pump) Calcium Phosphorous, Sulfur Chlorine Magnesium |
| Which is bigger, cells or molecules? | Cells. Cells are made of molecules. Protein molecules are embedded in cell membranes. |
| Electron capacity of valence shells | First Shell holds 2 All other shells hold 8 (This is why H forms one bond, but other molecules form more) |
| Results of hydrogen bonding in water | Cohesion (water sticks to itself-- surface tension, meniscus, water flowing upward in plant channels ) Adhesion (water sticks to other things-- wicking action) Solvent action (partial negative and positive parts attracted to ionic/polar parts of solute |
| Implications of water as the solvent of life | Influences the shape and structure of its solutes (a protein is a different shape in an aqueous environment than a hydrophobic/ uncharged one) Osmolarity occurs (particles that can't pass through a membrane draw water) pH (SOP-- shape, osmolarity, p |
| Osmolar states of an animal cell | Shriveled in hypertonic solution Normal in isotonic solution (ideal) Lysed in hypotonic solution |
| Osmolar states of a plant cell | Plasmolyzed in hypertonic solution (protoplasm separates from cell wall) Flaccid in isotonic solution (does ok, but not ideal) Turgid in hypotonic solution (ideal because plant has all the water it needs; cell wall prevents cell exploding) |
| pH of common things | 1- battery acid 2- stomach acid 7- water, saliva, blood 11- ammonia 14- oven cleaner |
| Valence (number of bonds element will form) | 1- Hydrogen 2- Oxygen 3- Nitrogen 4- Carbon (HONC!) |
| Hydroxyl Group | -OH Name: alcohols Ex: Ethanol |
| Carbonyl Group | C=O Name: Aldehydes (when C=O is on the end (HIDE) of the molecule) Ketones: when C=OH is in the middle of the molecule Ex: Propanal |
| Carboxyl Group | -COOH Name: Carboxylic Acids Ex: Acetic Acid |
| Amino Group | H-N-H Name: Amines Ex: Amino Acid (has an amino and a carboxylic acid) Glycine-- the simplest amino acid. Alpha carbon attached to an H, another H (its R group) a COOH, and an H-N-H. |
| Sulfhydryl Group | -SH Name: sulfhydryl Ex: Cysteine. Alpha carbon attached to an H, a CH2-SH, and a carboxylic acid |
| Phosphate Group | See picture in book Name: Organophosphates or Organic Phosphates Ex: Glycerol Phosphate, found in lipids |
| Methyl Group | CH3 Name: methylated compounds Ex: Methylated DNA |
| Catabolism utilizes the process of: | Hydrolysis. It splits a water in order to break a molecule. The atoms from the water go onto the ends of the broken molecule to replace the broken bonds. |
| Anabolism utilizes the process of: | Dehydration synthesis, or condensation synthesis. It pulls the water atoms off the ends of the two molecules, and the molecules bind to each other. |
| Monomer of sugars (carbohydrates) | monosaccharides |
| Monomer of proteins | amino acids |
| Monomer of nucleic acids | Nucleotides |
| Chemical groups in sugars | Multiple -OH groups, and (in linear form) one carbonyl, C=O. Found in ring form in biological and aqueous systems, where O releases its H and forms part of the ring. |
| Glucose Polymers | Starch (digestible/ energy storage in plants) Cellulose (fiber/ structural in plants) Chitin (insect exoskeleton) Glycogen (quick-access energy storage in animals) |
| Functions of proteins | Structure (effect fluidity of membranes) Communication (receptors and ligands) Catalyze reactions (enzymes) |
| Structure of an amino acid | alpha carbon attached to carboxylic acid, amino group, R group, and H. See picture in book or slides |
| How to tell basic AAs from acidic AAs | Acidic AAs usually have a negative charge (in addition to the negative charge on the Carboxyl group and the positive charge on the amino group that all amino acids have) Basic AAs usually have an additional positive charge Nonpolar AA: has nonpolar |
| Bond types for macromolecules | Protein: peptide (between C of carboxyl and N of amino) Nucleic Acid: phospodiester Lipid: ester |
| Levels of protein structure | 1- the sequence of amino acids 2- overall shape: alpha helix or beta pleated sheet. Determined by Hydrogen bonds. 3- the interactions between R groups (side chains) 4- Interactions between two peptide chains that are part of the same protein. |
| Structure of a Nucleic Acid | ribose or deoxyribose is attached to a phosphate and a nitrogenous base |
| Structure of triacylglycerol | glycerol + 3 fatty-acid chains |
| Kinds of fats | Saturated (no multiple bonds) Monounsaturated (one double bond) Polyunsaturated (more than one double bond) |
| Structure of a phospholipid | Hydrophilic Head (choline, phosphate, glyerol) faces cytoplasm and extracellular matrix in membrane Hydrophobic tails (fatty acid chains) face inside of membrane |
| How to recognize a steroid | Look for a four- or five-ringed structure with one or more double bonds |
| Describe living things | -made of cells -highly organized -metabolize (require nutrients) -respond to their environments -have genetic material -their populations evolve(genetic makeup changes over time) -exist in a state of homeoestasis (they have consistent internal condi |
| Matter | Solid, liquid, or gas Takes up space and has mass |
| Which kind of bond is most prevalent in the human body | Covalent-- the kind formed by Carbon |
| Definition of electronegativity | Attraction to the electrons of a covalent bond (an electronegative element pulls harder on the electrons) |
| Definition of tonicity | Whether a solution is hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic. A solution containing a high concentration of a molecule that cannot pass through the cell membrane has a high tonicity (a strong ability to pull water toward itself) |
| Definition of metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism. Catabolism + Anabolism. |
| Chemical formula of sugars | CH2O (when building a polymer, remember to subtract a water for each two molecules joined!) |
| Effect of cholesterol on a membrane | Keeps the phospholipids from packing together (maintains fluidity at cool temperatures) Keeps the phospholipids from switching laterally too often (maintains solidity at high temperatures) |
Created by:
907657
Popular Biology sets