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GLG 201 FINAL EXAM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Earth's core is made up primarily of | iron |
| The motion of a flowing material in which hot matter rises from the bottom and cool matter sinks from the surface is called | convection |
| Elevation of the ground surface is measured relative to | sea level |
| Geologic processes can take place of overtimes that last from | seconds to billions of years |
| How many cleavage planes do sheet silicates tend to have? | one |
| How the surface of a mineral reflects light is referred to as | luster |
| Magmas fall into one of the following groups: | felsic, mafic, or intermediate |
| Bowen's Reaction Series describes | the sequence in which minerals form when magmas cool |
| How much partial melting of upper-mantle peridotite is needed to generate some basaltic melt? | 1% to 2% volume |
| At approximately what temperature do olivine and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar crystallize from a mafic melt? | 1200°C |
| Most of the world's active volcanoes are located around the edge of which ocean? | The Pacific Ocean |
| Magma generated in Earth's interior rises because it is ______ than the surrounding rocks. | less dense |
| Basaltic lava that cools under water forms distinct _________ features. | pillow lava |
| In the Atlantic Ocean region, where are most of the active volcanoes located? | along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge |
| The tendency for variations in current velocity to segregate sediments on the basis of particle size is called | sorting |
| A clastic sedimentary rock composed of medium-grained (1-mm diameter) particles is called a | sandstone |
| The three main types of sediment are | siliciclastic, biological, chemical. |
| What type of metamorphism is caused by igneous intrusions? | contact metamorphism |
| Metamorphic rocks may form from | any of the major rock types |
| What types of forces dominate at convergent plate margins? | compressive forces |
| A diagram representing a vertical slice through Earth's crust is called a | geologic cross-section |
| An undeformed sedimentary layer is ______ than the layer above and ______ than the layer below. | older; younger |
| Fossils are most common in which rock types? | sedimentary |
| Unconformities are revealed by studying how surrounding layers relate to it. Which layers are the relevant ones? | those directly above and below |
| The half-life of a radioactive isotope is | the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms to decay. |
| What mountain chain runs along the eastern margin of North America? | the Appalachians |
| What is an orogeny? | a general term for mountain-building processes |
| The process whereby continents grow as a result of continental collisions is called | accretion |
| Energy waves that are released during an earthquake are called | seismic waves |
| A seismic observatory typically has instruments that measure ______ motion(s). | up-down, horizontal north-south, and horizontal east-west |
| Chemical analysis of ice cores demonstrates that as temperature increases, concentrations of atmospheric | carbon dioxide and methane both increase |
| The greenhouse effect describes | the way in which Earth's atmosphere traps heat. |
| The Milankovitch cycles are dependent on Earth's | orbital eccentricity, precession, and angle of tilt on the rotation axis |
| The most common chemical element in Earth's atmosphere is | nitrogen |
| What powers the hydrologic cycle? | solar energy |
| Permeability is the | ability of a solid to allow fluids to pass through. |
| What is the difference between the saturated and unsaturated zones of groundwater? | the pore spaces in the saturated zone are full of water; the pore spaces in the unsaturated zone are not full of water. |
| If the amount of discharge in an aquifer exceeds the amount of recharge, the groundwater table | will drop |
| Potable water is a term that covers all | drinkable water |
| Evidence for the internal structure of Earth is mostly based on | waves generated by earthquakes |
| What element makes up most of Earth's core? | iron |
| Over geologic time, most of the heat lost from Earth's interior has been transported by | convection |
| What causes the deep red color of soils found in Georgia and other warm, humid regions? | iron oxides |
| A hill consisting of loose, dry sand that slopes at the angle of repose and has no vegetation | is stable unless oversteepened by excavation may flow if it becomes saturated with water, and will be more stable if vegetation takes root on the hill |
| Curves and bends in a stream channel are called | meanders |
| At a bend in a river, ______ occurs on the outside of the bend and ______ occurs on the inside of the bend. | erosion; deposition |
| The volume of water flowing past a given point in a given time is called the | discharge |
| A strong flow of water moving away from the shore at right angles is referred to as a | longshore current |
| What causes the tides? | gravity |
| Which of the following shoreline phenomena is potentially most dangerous to swimmers? | rip current |
| Glaciers ablate by | sublimation, calving, and melting |
| A glacier is receding if | the amount of ablation exceeds the amount of accumulation. |
| What are glacial striations? | grooves created by rocks scratching against bedrock at the base of a glacier |
| Minerals that contain metallic elements that can be recovered profitably are called | hydrothermal minerals |
| Ore deposits are associated with | igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks |
| Sulfide minerals react with groundwater to produce | sulfuric acid, sulfate ions (SO42-), and iron ions (Fe3+). |
| Temperatures in the solar system generally | decrease away from the sun |
| Which planet is closest in size to Earth? | Venus |
| Which planet is surrounded by a hot atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide and clouds of sulfuric acid? | Venus |
| Which of the following solar system bodies is least likely to have water ice on its surface? | Venus |
| The time in early solar system history when there were numerous crater-forming impacts is known as the time of | Heavy Bombardment |
| What kinds of rocks are found in the lunar maria? | basalt |
| The chemical element that is the fundamental building block of life is | carbon |
| During photosynthesis, solar energy drives a chemical reaction in which water combines with ________ to produce glucose and ________. | carbon dioxide; oxygen |
| Which of the following sciences is the study of landscapes and their evolution? | geomorphology |
| On a topographic map, what types of lines connect points of equal elevation? | contours |
| The steepest slopes are generally found in | mountains with high elevations and high relief |
| Elevation is a balance between | tectonic uplift and erosion |
| _________ weathering tends to dominate in mountainous regions, whereas _______ weathering is more prevalent in lowlands. | physical; chemical |
| Petroleum and natural gas are considered _________ energy resources. | nonrenewable |
| Oil and gas deposits form from the decomposition of | bacteria and algae |
| Crude oil forms at a depth of ________ in Earth's crust. | 2 to 5 km |
| Coal forms from | large accumulations of plant material |
| Burning coal that contains the mineral pyrite contributes to the addition of ______ to the atmosphere. | SO2 |
| Major environmental impacts of burning coal include | the release of carbon dioxide, the release of sulfur that contributes to acid rain, and strip mining |
| The main ingredient of natural gas is | methane |
| During combustion natural gas reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and | water |
| Which region accounts for nearly half of the world's oil reserves? | The Middle East |
Created by:
isabellaallen
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