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Microbiology
Microbiology -Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the atomic number equals the number of: | protons |
| a chemical bond in which electrons are equally shares is a: | nonpolar covalent bond |
| the bond between water molecules is a: | hydrogen bond |
| the outermost shell of an atom can hold up to: | 8 electrons |
| the bond between sodium and chlorine atoms in sodium chloride is an: | ionic bond |
| sucrose is composed of: | glucose and fructose |
| the unit molecules of carbohydrates are: | monosaccharides |
| the bond between amino acids is a: | peptide bond |
| the RNA nucleotide base that pairs with adenine of DNA is: | uracil |
| glucose and fructose are examples of: | monosaccharides |
| neutrons are particles with a: | 0 charge |
| an atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons is called an: | isotope |
| a positively charged ion is called: | cation |
| the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones in the presence of water is called: | hydrolysis |
| molecules that can absorb hydrogen ions are: | buffers |
| From the strongest to the weakest, name and describe the different types of chemical bonds. | Covalent bonds—a sharing of electrons • The strongest bond is a nonpolar covalent bond with an equal sharing of electrons. • An unequal sharing of electrons is a polar covalent bond. • An ionic bond occurs by transfer of electrons. • A |
| Describe anabolism and catabolism. | In anabolic reactions substances/molecules are formed and energy is utilized/consumed; in catabolic reactions substances are broken down and release energy to form ATP. |
| Name and describe the function of proteins. | The unit molecules of proteins are amino acids. Protein functions include the following: • Membrane proteins: integral and peripheral • Can be carrier molecules • Enzymes • Structural support |
| Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fats. | Saturated fats do not have double bonds in the fatty acid chain; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain. |
| Describe the complementary base pairing and compare DNA and RNA. | DNA is a double helix; RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid. Complementary base pairing in DNA replication: Adenine is paired with thymine and cytosine with guanine. Complementary base pairing involving RNA: thymine is replaced by uracil. |
| parts of an atom | center of the atom is the nucleus, which consist of positive charged particles called protons and particles without charge called neutrons. |
| atomic weight (atomic mass) | equal to the number of protons and neutrons |
| atomic number | indicates the number of protons in the atomic nucleus |
| covalent bonds | result from a sharing of electrons between two atoms of the same element or between atoms of different elements |
| nonpolar covalent bonds | electrons are equally distributed |
| polar covalent bonds | covalent bonds between atoms of two different sized elements, in which the electrons are unequally distributed because they are pulled toward the larger atom |
| ionic bonds | formed when one or more electrons from one atom are transferred to another |
| hydrogen bonds | weak chemical bonds with only about 5% of the strength of covalent bonds |
| acids | substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) |
| bases | substances that release hydroxyl ions (OH-) |
| pH scale | measurement of acidity or alkalinity of a solution |
| isotonic | the solute concentration, and hence the osmotic pressure within the cell ,is the same as it is outside the cell. A cell placed in an isotonic solution will not change its cell volume |
| hypertonic | the solute concentration in the cell is less than the extracellular environment, which causes a net loss of water from the cell, resulting in cell shrinkage. the cell shape becomes notched or crenated. |
| hypotonic | the solute concentration in the extracellular environment is less than that inside the cell, causing the uptake of water into the cell, resulting in the bursting of the cell. |
| monosaccharides | represent the unit molecules (monomers) of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose ,and deoxyribose. |
| disaccharides | compounds formed when two monosaccharides combine the loss of a water molecule. Disaccharides include the following: -sucrose, composed of glucose and fructose -lactose, composed of glucose and galactose -maltose, composed of two glucose molecules |
| polysaccharides | formed when many monosaccharides combine to form a larger compound |
| phospholipids | consists of glycerol ,two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group at one end |
| triglycerides (fats and oils) | consists of glycerol and fatty acid chains |
| DNA | nucleic acid with a double helix structure containing the sugar deoxyribose and 10 bases per turn. DNA contains genetic code. Molecules ,adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine with cytosine. |
| RNA | single stranded molecule, its sugar is ribose, and uracil replaces thymine. RNA is specialized for the synthesis of proteins |
Created by:
naponte1
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