Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
1st Semester
Masterbooks Intro to A&P Volume 1 & 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cells | the most basic structural and functional unit of a living organism, such as the human body |
| anatomy | the study of the body's parts and how they are put together |
| physiology | the study of how the parts of the body function |
| organs | a group of tissue that has a particular function |
| digestive system | all the parts that process your food - from your mouth and stomach to your liver and intestines |
| nucleus | directs most of the action in the cell |
| cell membrane | forms the cell's outer border |
| cytoplasm | most of the cell's work gets done here |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells; their main job is to carry oxygen |
| plasma membrane | the envelope that contains the other components of the cell |
| intracellular fluid | fluid inside the cells |
| extracellular fluid | fluid that is outside the cells |
| water soluble | something that can be dissolved in water |
| lipid | another name for a fat |
| hydrophilic | a word that literally means "water-loving" |
| hydrophobic | a word that literally means "water-fearing" |
| exocytosis | the process of releasing material from in side the cell |
| cytosol | the liquid found inside the cell |
| lysosomes | small vesicles containing enzymes that can digest many kinds of molecules and debris |
| nucleus | the control center of the cell |
| messenger RNA | copies of the protein-building instructions from the nucleus |
| mitochondria | they generate and store energy |
| metabolize | a controlled way of "burning" the fuel of the body |
| cytoskeleton | composed of a network of tubes and filaments that run throughout the cell |
| centrioles | responsible for helping form a complex of microtubules |
| mitotic spindle | guides the cell's chromosomes during cell division |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | store the genetic instructions needed to make all the proteins in the body |
| gene | each section of DNA that has the information for a particular protein |
| enzymes | perform all the chemical reactions in your cells |
| antibodies | fight infectious invaders in your body |
| junk DNA | once thought to be merely left over from our evolutionary past, though they actually are quite active and serve many functions |
| interphase | the part of the cell cycle when a cell is not actually splitting into two cells |
| chromatid | duplicated chromosomes stuck together during interphase |
| a pair of sister chromatids | a chromosome and its copy, stuck together |
| mitosis | the part of the cell cycle that is directly involved when dividing the cell into two daughter cells |
| tissue | a group of cells that perform similar or related functions |
| epithelial tissue | lines your body cavities or covers surfaces |
| glandular epithelium | this tissue forms the glands of the body |
| myofilaments | muscle cells contain these structures that allow the cells to contract |
| connective tissue | helps provide a framework for the body, and helps connect and support other organs in the body |
| organ | a collection of various types of tissues that work together to perform a function |
| programmed cell death | the process by which some cells are designed to self-destruct |
| anterior | describes structures at the front of the body |
| posterior | describes structures at the back of the body |
| proximal | describes something that is closer to the middle of the body |
| distal | describes something that is farther away from the middle of the body |
| superior | describes something that is above something else |
| inferior | describes something that is below something else |
| medial | describes something that is closer to the midline, or center line, of the body |
| lateral | describes something that is farther away from the midline, or center line, of the body |
| homeostasis | the body has many mechanisms to help maintain a balance or "equilibrium" among its many systems |
| irreducible complexity | many of the body's systems cannot work unless others are already in place and working properly |
| skeletal system | bones and joints |
| muscular system | muscles |
| cardiovascular system | heart and blood vessels |
| respiratory system | nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs |
| nervous system | brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| digestive system | mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas |
| urinary system | kidneys, ureters, and bladder |
| reproductive system: male | testes, genital ducts, and prostate |
| reproductive system: female | ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and breasts |
| integumentary system | skin, nails, and hair |
| endocrine system | pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes (male), and ovaries (female) |
| lymphatic system | lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus, tonsils, and spleen |
| bone marrow | helps to create red and white blood cells |
| blood cells | help fight bacterial infections |
| rib cage | a protective shield for the heart and lungs and provides a sturdy space into which your lungs expand |
| hematopoiesis | most of our blood cells are formed by this process in the marrow cavities of the many bones of the body |
| blood cells | they die rapidly, many living only for days or months, and need to be replaced |
| long bones | bones that are longer than they are wide |
| short bones | bones about as wide as they are long |
| flat bones | thin bones either long or short, and usually curved |
| sesamoid bones | bones that are small and round |
| irregular bones | bones that cannot easily be placed in the other categories |
| medullary | in the middle |
| epiphysis | the rounded, broader end of a long bone (the joint end( |
| periosteum | the outermost layer of bone, which is a thin, fibrous membrane |
| compact bone | the is beneath the periosteum, and is a dense, thick layer |
| spongy bone | the innermost part of the bone that is like a sponge or a honeycomb |
| osteo | the Greek word for "bone" |
| osteocyte | a mature bone cell |
| osteoblast | an immature cell or a bone-building cell |
| osteoclasts | break down bone |
| osteon | the basic unit of compact bone |
| circumferential lamellae | the outer layer of compact bone that is made up of very large rings of ground substance and osteocytes |
| trabeculae | the struts observed in spongy bones |
| epiphyseal plate | bones grow in this area |
| chondrocytes | these cells are what makes cartilage |
| human growth hormone (hGH) | helps regulate bone growth |
| rickets | a bone disease in children that is the result of a deficiency of vitamin D |
| calcitonin | a hormone released by the thyroid when calcium levels in the body get too high |
| osteoporosis | a disease, primarily of the elderly, that results in bones that are very fragile |
| arthritis | inflammation of one or more joints |
| osteoarthritis | joint cartilage gradually deteriorates, resulting in pain, swelling, and restricted motion in the joints affected |
| rheumatoid arthritis | a person's own immune system attacks the body's own tissues, often the joints of smaller bones |
| fracture | a break in a bone |
| hematoma | a mass of clotted blood |
| callus | a cartilage-like layer of tissue that forms inside a fracture |
| immobilize | keeping the broken pieces of bone from shifting |
| arthroscope | a small telescope for looking into joints |
| reduction | putting fractured bones into alignment |
| axial skeleton | made up of the skull, vertebral column, and ribs |
| vertebral column | protects the spinal cord |
| appendicular skeleton | made up of the upper and lower limbs as well as the bones that connect them to the axial skeleton |
| pectoral girdle | connects the arms to the axial skeleton |
| pelvic girdle | connects the legs to the axial skeleton |
| flexion | a movement that decreases the angle between two parts of the body |
| extension | a movement that increases the angle between two parts of the body |
| abduction | movement away from the midline of the body |
| adduction | movement toward the midline of the body |
| articulate | connected by a joint |
| sutures | the joints that hold the cranial bones together |
| hyoid bone | the only bone not connected to another bone located in the neck between the jawbone and the thyroid gland |
| complete fracture | one where the bone breaks into two or more separate pieces |
| incomplete fracture | one in which the bone is cracked but not broken all the way through |
| simple fracture | one in which the bone is broken but does not break through the skin |
| compound fracture | one in which the fractured bone breaks through the skin |
| contract | when muscles do this, they get smaller or shorter |
| contractility | means muscle tissues can contract with great force |
| elasticity | means that when a muscle is stretched, it has the ability to return to its resting length |
| excitability | means that muscle can respond to a stimulus or trigger |
| extensibility | means that muscle can be stretched |
| skeletal muscle | known as voluntary muscle, contracts on your command, is striated |
| muscle fiber | also known as a muscle cell; can be very long, often extending the entire length of the muscle |
| myofilaments | can be made of myosin molecules or actin molecules |
| aerobic respiration | the process where glucose (sugar) is broken down with oxygen being present |
| anaerobic respiration | the process where glucose (sugar) is broken down without oxygen being present |
| lactic acid | diffuses out of the muscle cells and into the blood to be diposed of |
| anabolic steroids | synthetic male hormones taken to enhance muscle growth and performance |
| muscle tone | refers to the fact that there is some tension in a muscle even when it is not being actively contracted |
| muscle atrophy | muscles that have not been used regularly for weeks get smaller |
| rigor mortis | occurs after death because the muscles all over the body contract and are unable to relax |
| sarcomere | the simplest contractile unit of a muscle |
| thick myofilaments | these are made of myosin |
| thin myofilaments | these are made of actin |
| mitochondria | they convert fuel, like sugars, into usable energy |
| antagonistic | muscles that work opposite each other |
| intercostal muscles | located between the ribs |
| orbicularis oculi muscle | encircles each eye; helps us to blink, wink, and squint |
| deltoid muscle | the round muscle over the cap of the shoulder |
| rotator cuff | the name for the four muscles that hold the humerus in the shoulder joint |
| trapezius | the triangular-shaped muscle in the upper back, helping connect the pectoral girdle to the thorax |
| pectoralis major muscle | the primary muscle of the chest |
| rectus abdominis | this long muscle on the front wall of the abdomen helps keep the pelvis stable as we walk |
| anterior | means "in the front" |
| posterior | means "in the back" |
| occipitofrontalis | the main muscle across our forehead; elevates the eyebrows |
| orbicularis oris | helps you close your mouth |
| mentalis muscle | on the front of the lower jaw; helps wrinkle the chin |
| buccinator | compresses the cheek and helps keep food in place as we chew |
| gluteus maximus | biggest muscle in the body |
| heart | hardest working muscle in the body |
| achilles | strongest tendon in the body |
| hamstring | muscle at the rear of the thigh |
| supra | means "above" |
| infra | means "below" |
| pericardium | this sac goes around the heart |
| epicardium | made mostly of connective tissue and provides a protective covering for the surface of the heart |
| desmosome | helps hold the muscle fibers together as they contract |
| pulmonary circulation | the right-sided circulation |
| systemic circulation | the left-sided circulation |
| artery | vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| vein | vessel that carries blood toward the heart |
| atria | collects blood as it returns to the heart |
| pulmonary veins | veins that bring blood from the lungs to the left atrium |
| vena cavae | the veins that bring blood back from the brain and the body |
| tricuspid valve | blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle through this |
| bicuspid valve | blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle through this |
| mitral | used for the bicuspid valve because the two cusps look a little like a bishop's headdress, called a miter |
| chordae tendineae | the ties that bind the cusps to the ventricular walls; this Latin name means "heart strings: |
| semilunar valves | the valves guarding the exit from the ventricles |
| pulmonary valve | the semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery |
| cardiac cycle | the name given to the five steps involved in filling the heart's chambers and pumping the blood |
| atrial systole | after the passive filling of the ventricles, when the atria simultaneously contract |
| edema | swelling caused by fluid accumulating in tissues |
| pulmonary edema | fluid in the lungs |
| interventricular septum | muscular wall between the ventricles |
| myocardial infarction | commonly known as a "heart attack" |
| myocardial ischemia | the situation where adequate oxygen is not delivered to the heart muscle |
| coronary heart disease | a type of cardiovascular disease, a term that includes heart attacks and strokes and other diseases of the heart and blood vessels |
| autorhythmic cells | these repeatedly produce electrical signals that stimulate the heart to contract |
| cardiac conduction system | Also known as instrinsic conduction system; has two "nodes" that set the pace of the heartbeat |
| SA node | a small group of cells located in the upper portion of the right atrium's wall, near the entrance of the superior vena cava; the heart's main pacemaker |
| Purkinje fibers | deliver the electric signals to their final destination; vital for maintaining the heart's smooth, coordinated pumping action |
| electrocardiogram | the recording that is produced from the electrical impulses transmitted through the heart |
| cardiac output | the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute |
| stroke volume | the amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat |
| echocardiogram | an ultrasound of the heart |
| diastolic volume | the amount of blood in the ventricle when it is full |
| end systolic volume | the amount of blood left in the ventricle after it contracts |
| vascular system | a collection of tubes that carry blood away from the heart and then back again |
| arteries | take blood away from the heart |
| veins | carry blood back to the heart |
| capillaries | connect the arteries and veins |
| arterioles | the smallest arteries; they lead to the capillaries |
| venules | the smallest veins; carry blood from the capillaries to the larger veins |
| endothelium | lines all the blood vessels and the heart itself |
| scurvy | a severe vitamin C deficiency |
| elastic arteries | the arteries that are closest to the heart |
| adrenaline | also called epinephrine; increases heart rate |
| vasoconstriction | this is when the smooth muscle contracts and the lumen constricts |
| abdominal aorta | the portion of the aorta below the diaphragm |
| upper respiratory system | consists of nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx |
| lower respiratory system | contains the trachea, tubes of the bronchial tree, lungs |
| external nares | two openings on the nose (nostrils) |
| bacteriophages | bacteria-eating viruses |
| nasal conchae | stick out from the sides of the nasal cavity (turbinates) |
| sinuses | air-filled spaces in the skull surrounding the nasal cavity |
| pharynx | commonly called the throat |
| nasopharynx | superior (upper) portion of the pharynx |
| Eustachian tubes | these drain any excess mucus or other fluid that might collect in the middle ear |
| larynx | commonly called the voice box |
| thyroid cartilage | commonly called the "Adam's apple" |
| trachea | commonly called the windpipe |
| internal respiration | gas exchange between capillaries and the cells and tissues of the body |
| cellular respiration | process by which cells obtain energy from nutrients like glucose |
| asthma | chronic inflammatory disease of the airways |
| hilum | where the bronchi & blood vessels enter the lungs |
| alveoli | tiny sacs that pouch out from the walls of respiratory bronchioles & alveolar ducts |
| surfactant | a special kind of molecule that has some detergent-like properties |
| pneumonia | an inflammatory condition of the lungs, primarily affecting the air sacs |
| pleura | each lung is enclosed by this double-layered membrane |
| pleurisy | occurs when the pleural membranes become inflamed |
| inspiration | the first phase of breathing when air is taken into the lungs |
| expiration | the second phase of breathing when air flows back out of the lungs |
| diaphragm | the large, dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs |
| tidal volume | the amount of air in one breath |
| inspiratory reserve volume | the amount of air taken in beyond the normal tidal volume |
| vital capacity | the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration |
| hemoglobin | protein in the blood that carries oxygen efficiently |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells in the blood & contain hemoglobin |
| oxyhemoglobin | when hemoglobin is bound to one or more oxygen molecules |
| carbon monoxide | a colorless, odorless gas that consists of one carbon atom & one oxygen atom |
| carbaminohemoglobin | when hemoglobin is carrying carbon dioxide |
| bronchial arteries | supply oxygenated blood & nutrients to the lung tissue |
| ventilation | gets air into the lungs; just means "breathing" |
| accessory muscles | used when a deeper or more forceful breath is required |
Created by:
PRO Teacher
larmstrong3