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1st Semester

Masterbooks Intro to A&P Volume 1 & 2

Term	Definition
cells	the most basic structural and functional unit of a living organism, such as the human body
anatomy	the study of the body's parts and how they are put together
physiology	the study of how the parts of the body function
organs	a group of tissue that has a particular function
digestive system	all the parts that process your food - from your mouth and stomach to your liver and intestines
nucleus	directs most of the action in the cell
cell membrane	forms the cell's outer border
cytoplasm	most of the cell's work gets done here
erythrocytes	red blood cells; their main job is to carry oxygen
plasma membrane	the envelope that contains the other components of the cell
intracellular fluid	fluid inside the cells
extracellular fluid	fluid that is outside the cells
water soluble	something that can be dissolved in water
lipid	another name for a fat
hydrophilic	a word that literally means "water-loving"
hydrophobic	a word that literally means "water-fearing"
exocytosis	the process of releasing material from in side the cell
cytosol	the liquid found inside the cell
lysosomes	small vesicles containing enzymes that can digest many kinds of molecules and debris
nucleus	the control center of the cell
messenger RNA	copies of the protein-building instructions from the nucleus
mitochondria	they generate and store energy
metabolize	a controlled way of "burning" the fuel of the body
cytoskeleton	composed of a network of tubes and filaments that run throughout the cell
centrioles	responsible for helping form a complex of microtubules
mitotic spindle	guides the cell's chromosomes during cell division
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)	store the genetic instructions needed to make all the proteins in the body
gene	each section of DNA that has the information for a particular protein
enzymes	perform all the chemical reactions in your cells
antibodies	fight infectious invaders in your body
junk DNA	once thought to be merely left over from our evolutionary past, though they actually are quite active and serve many functions
interphase	the part of the cell cycle when a cell is not actually splitting into two cells
chromatid	duplicated chromosomes stuck together during interphase
a pair of sister chromatids	a chromosome and its copy, stuck together
mitosis	the part of the cell cycle that is directly involved when dividing the cell into two daughter cells
tissue	a group of cells that perform similar or related functions
epithelial tissue	lines your body cavities or covers surfaces
glandular epithelium	this tissue forms the glands of the body
myofilaments	muscle cells contain these structures that allow the cells to contract
connective tissue	helps provide a framework for the body, and helps connect and support other organs in the body
organ	a collection of various types of tissues that work together to perform a function
programmed cell death	the process by which some cells are designed to self-destruct
anterior	describes structures at the front of the body
posterior	describes structures at the back of the body
proximal	describes something that is closer to the middle of the body
distal	describes something that is farther away from the middle of the body
superior	describes something that is above something else
inferior	describes something that is below something else
medial	describes something that is closer to the midline, or center line, of the body
lateral	describes something that is farther away from the midline, or center line, of the body
homeostasis	the body has many mechanisms to help maintain a balance or "equilibrium" among its many systems
irreducible complexity	many of the body's systems cannot work unless others are already in place and working properly
skeletal system	bones and joints
muscular system	muscles
cardiovascular system	heart and blood vessels
respiratory system	nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs
nervous system	brain, spinal cord, and nerves
digestive system	mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
urinary system	kidneys, ureters, and bladder
reproductive system: male	testes, genital ducts, and prostate
reproductive system: female	ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and breasts
integumentary system	skin, nails, and hair
endocrine system	pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes (male), and ovaries (female)
lymphatic system	lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus, tonsils, and spleen
bone marrow	helps to create red and white blood cells
blood cells	help fight bacterial infections
rib cage	a protective shield for the heart and lungs and provides a sturdy space into which your lungs expand
hematopoiesis	most of our blood cells are formed by this process in the marrow cavities of the many bones of the body
blood cells	they die rapidly, many living only for days or months, and need to be replaced
long bones	bones that are longer than they are wide
short bones	bones about as wide as they are long
flat bones	thin bones either long or short, and usually curved
sesamoid bones	bones that are small and round
irregular bones	bones that cannot easily be placed in the other categories
medullary	in the middle
epiphysis	the rounded, broader end of a long bone (the joint end(
periosteum	the outermost layer of bone, which is a thin, fibrous membrane
compact bone	the is beneath the periosteum, and is a dense, thick layer
spongy bone	the innermost part of the bone that is like a sponge or a honeycomb
osteo	the Greek word for "bone"
osteocyte	a mature bone cell
osteoblast	an immature cell or a bone-building cell
osteoclasts	break down bone
osteon	the basic unit of compact bone
circumferential lamellae	the outer layer of compact bone that is made up of very large rings of ground substance and osteocytes
trabeculae	the struts observed in spongy bones
epiphyseal plate	bones grow in this area
chondrocytes	these cells are what makes cartilage
human growth hormone (hGH)	helps regulate bone growth
rickets	a bone disease in children that is the result of a deficiency of vitamin D
calcitonin	a hormone released by the thyroid when calcium levels in the body get too high
osteoporosis	a disease, primarily of the elderly, that results in bones that are very fragile
arthritis	inflammation of one or more joints
osteoarthritis	joint cartilage gradually deteriorates, resulting in pain, swelling, and restricted motion in the joints affected
rheumatoid arthritis	a person's own immune system attacks the body's own tissues, often the joints of smaller bones
fracture	a break in a bone
hematoma	a mass of clotted blood
callus	a cartilage-like layer of tissue that forms inside a fracture
immobilize	keeping the broken pieces of bone from shifting
arthroscope	a small telescope for looking into joints
reduction	putting fractured bones into alignment
axial skeleton	made up of the skull, vertebral column, and ribs
vertebral column	protects the spinal cord
appendicular skeleton	made up of the upper and lower limbs as well as the bones that connect them to the axial skeleton
pectoral girdle	connects the arms to the axial skeleton
pelvic girdle	connects the legs to the axial skeleton
flexion	a movement that decreases the angle between two parts of the body
extension	a movement that increases the angle between two parts of the body
abduction	movement away from the midline of the body
adduction	movement toward the midline of the body
articulate	connected by a joint
sutures	the joints that hold the cranial bones together
hyoid bone	the only bone not connected to another bone located in the neck between the jawbone and the thyroid gland
complete fracture	one where the bone breaks into two or more separate pieces
incomplete fracture	one in which the bone is cracked but not broken all the way through
simple fracture	one in which the bone is broken but does not break through the skin
compound fracture	one in which the fractured bone breaks through the skin
contract	when muscles do this, they get smaller or shorter
contractility	means muscle tissues can contract with great force
elasticity	means that when a muscle is stretched, it has the ability to return to its resting length
excitability	means that muscle can respond to a stimulus or trigger
extensibility	means that muscle can be stretched
skeletal muscle	known as voluntary muscle, contracts on your command, is striated
muscle fiber	also known as a muscle cell; can be very long, often extending the entire length of the muscle
myofilaments	can be made of myosin molecules or actin molecules
aerobic respiration	the process where glucose (sugar) is broken down with oxygen being present
anaerobic respiration	the process where glucose (sugar) is broken down without oxygen being present
lactic acid	diffuses out of the muscle cells and into the blood to be diposed of
anabolic steroids	synthetic male hormones taken to enhance muscle growth and performance
muscle tone	refers to the fact that there is some tension in a muscle even when it is not being actively contracted
muscle atrophy	muscles that have not been used regularly for weeks get smaller
rigor mortis	occurs after death because the muscles all over the body contract and are unable to relax
sarcomere	the simplest contractile unit of a muscle
thick myofilaments	these are made of myosin
thin myofilaments	these are made of actin
mitochondria	they convert fuel, like sugars, into usable energy
antagonistic	muscles that work opposite each other
intercostal muscles	located between the ribs
orbicularis oculi muscle	encircles each eye; helps us to blink, wink, and squint
deltoid muscle	the round muscle over the cap of the shoulder
rotator cuff	the name for the four muscles that hold the humerus in the shoulder joint
trapezius	the triangular-shaped muscle in the upper back, helping connect the pectoral girdle to the thorax
pectoralis major muscle	the primary muscle of the chest
rectus abdominis	this long muscle on the front wall of the abdomen helps keep the pelvis stable as we walk
anterior	means "in the front"
posterior	means "in the back"
occipitofrontalis	the main muscle across our forehead; elevates the eyebrows
orbicularis oris	helps you close your mouth
mentalis muscle	on the front of the lower jaw; helps wrinkle the chin
buccinator	compresses the cheek and helps keep food in place as we chew
gluteus maximus	biggest muscle in the body
heart	hardest working muscle in the body
achilles	strongest tendon in the body
hamstring	muscle at the rear of the thigh
supra	means "above"
infra	means "below"
pericardium	this sac goes around the heart
epicardium	made mostly of connective tissue and provides a protective covering for the surface of the heart
desmosome	helps hold the muscle fibers together as they contract
pulmonary circulation	the right-sided circulation
systemic circulation	the left-sided circulation
artery	vessel that carries blood away from the heart
vein	vessel that carries blood toward the heart
atria	collects blood as it returns to the heart
pulmonary veins	veins that bring blood from the lungs to the left atrium
vena cavae	the veins that bring blood back from the brain and the body
tricuspid valve	blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle through this
bicuspid valve	blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle through this
mitral	used for the bicuspid valve because the two cusps look a little like a bishop's headdress, called a miter
chordae tendineae	the ties that bind the cusps to the ventricular walls; this Latin name means "heart strings:
semilunar valves	the valves guarding the exit from the ventricles
pulmonary valve	the semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
cardiac cycle	the name given to the five steps involved in filling the heart's chambers and pumping the blood
atrial systole	after the passive filling of the ventricles, when the atria simultaneously contract
edema	swelling caused by fluid accumulating in tissues
pulmonary edema	fluid in the lungs
interventricular septum	muscular wall between the ventricles
myocardial infarction	commonly known as a "heart attack"
myocardial ischemia	the situation where adequate oxygen is not delivered to the heart muscle
coronary heart disease	a type of cardiovascular disease, a term that includes heart attacks and strokes and other diseases of the heart and blood vessels
autorhythmic cells	these repeatedly produce electrical signals that stimulate the heart to contract
cardiac conduction system	Also known as instrinsic conduction system; has two "nodes" that set the pace of the heartbeat
SA node	a small group of cells located in the upper portion of the right atrium's wall, near the entrance of the superior vena cava; the heart's main pacemaker
Purkinje fibers	deliver the electric signals to their final destination; vital for maintaining the heart's smooth, coordinated pumping action
electrocardiogram	the recording that is produced from the electrical impulses transmitted through the heart
cardiac output	the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
stroke volume	the amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat
echocardiogram	an ultrasound of the heart
diastolic volume	the amount of blood in the ventricle when it is full
end systolic volume	the amount of blood left in the ventricle after it contracts
vascular system	a collection of tubes that carry blood away from the heart and then back again
arteries	take blood away from the heart
veins	carry blood back to the heart
capillaries	connect the arteries and veins
arterioles	the smallest arteries; they lead to the capillaries
venules	the smallest veins; carry blood from the capillaries to the larger veins
endothelium	lines all the blood vessels and the heart itself
scurvy	a severe vitamin C deficiency
elastic arteries	the arteries that are closest to the heart
adrenaline	also called epinephrine; increases heart rate
vasoconstriction	this is when the smooth muscle contracts and the lumen constricts
abdominal aorta	the portion of the aorta below the diaphragm
upper respiratory system	consists of nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx
lower respiratory system	contains the trachea, tubes of the bronchial tree, lungs
external nares	two openings on the nose (nostrils)
bacteriophages	bacteria-eating viruses
nasal conchae	stick out from the sides of the nasal cavity (turbinates)
sinuses	air-filled spaces in the skull surrounding the nasal cavity
pharynx	commonly called the throat
nasopharynx	superior (upper) portion of the pharynx
Eustachian tubes	these drain any excess mucus or other fluid that might collect in the middle ear
larynx	commonly called the voice box
thyroid cartilage	commonly called the "Adam's apple"
trachea	commonly called the windpipe
internal respiration	gas exchange between capillaries and the cells and tissues of the body
cellular respiration	process by which cells obtain energy from nutrients like glucose
asthma	chronic inflammatory disease of the airways
hilum	where the bronchi & blood vessels enter the lungs
alveoli	tiny sacs that pouch out from the walls of respiratory bronchioles & alveolar ducts
surfactant	a special kind of molecule that has some detergent-like properties
pneumonia	an inflammatory condition of the lungs, primarily affecting the air sacs
pleura	each lung is enclosed by this double-layered membrane
pleurisy	occurs when the pleural membranes become inflamed
inspiration	the first phase of breathing when air is taken into the lungs
expiration	the second phase of breathing when air flows back out of the lungs
diaphragm	the large, dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs
tidal volume	the amount of air in one breath
inspiratory reserve volume	the amount of air taken in beyond the normal tidal volume
vital capacity	the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration
hemoglobin	protein in the blood that carries oxygen efficiently
erythrocytes	red blood cells in the blood & contain hemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin	when hemoglobin is bound to one or more oxygen molecules
carbon monoxide	a colorless, odorless gas that consists of one carbon atom & one oxygen atom
carbaminohemoglobin	when hemoglobin is carrying carbon dioxide
bronchial arteries	supply oxygenated blood & nutrients to the lung tissue
ventilation	gets air into the lungs; just means "breathing"
accessory muscles	used when a deeper or more forceful breath is required

Created by: PRO Teacher larmstrong3

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1st Semester

Masterbooks Intro to A&P Volume 1 & 2

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