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1st Semester
Masterbooks Intro to A&P Volume 1 & 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cells | the most basic structural and functional unit of a living organism, such as the human body |
| anatomy | the study of the body's parts and how they are put together |
| physiology | the study of how the parts of the body function |
| organs | a group of tissue that has a particular function |
| digestive system | all the parts that process your food - from your mouth and stomach to your liver and intestines |
| nucleus | directs most of the action in the cell |
| cell membrane | forms the cell's outer border |
| cytoplasm | most of the cell's work gets done here |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells; their main job is to carry oxygen |
| plasma membrane | the envelope that contains the other components of the cell |
| intracellular fluid | fluid inside the cells |
| extracellular fluid | fluid that is outside the cells |
| water soluble | something that can be dissolved in water |
| lipid | another name for a fat |
| hydrophilic | a word that literally means "water-loving" |
| hydrophobic | a word that literally means "water-fearing" |
| exocytosis | the process of releasing material from in side the cell |
| cytosol | the liquid found inside the cell |
| lysosomes | small vesicles containing enzymes that can digest many kinds of molecules and debris |
| nucleus | the control center of the cell |
| messenger RNA | copies of the protein-building instructions from the nucleus |
| mitochondria | they generate and store energy |
| metabolize | a controlled way of "burning" the fuel of the body |
| cytoskeleton | composed of a network of tubes and filaments that run throughout the cell |
| centrioles | responsible for helping form a complex of microtubules |
| mitotic spindle | guides the cell's chromosomes during cell division |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | store the genetic instructions needed to make all the proteins in the body |
| gene | each section of DNA that has the information for a particular protein |
| enzymes | perform all the chemical reactions in your cells |
| antibodies | fight infectious invaders in your body |
| junk DNA | once thought to be merely left over from our evolutionary past, though they actually are quite active and serve many functions |
| interphase | the part of the cell cycle when a cell is not actually splitting into two cells |
| chromatid | duplicated chromosomes stuck together during interphase |
| a pair of sister chromatids | a chromosome and its copy, stuck together |
| mitosis | the part of the cell cycle that is directly involved when dividing the cell into two daughter cells |
| tissue | a group of cells that perform similar or related functions |
| epithelial tissue | lines your body cavities or covers surfaces |
| glandular epithelium | this tissue forms the glands of the body |
| myofilaments | muscle cells contain these structures that allow the cells to contract |
| connective tissue | helps provide a framework for the body, and helps connect and support other organs in the body |
| organ | a collection of various types of tissues that work together to perform a function |
| programmed cell death | the process by which some cells are designed to self-destruct |
| anterior | describes structures at the front of the body |
| posterior | describes structures at the back of the body |
| proximal | describes something that is closer to the middle of the body |
| distal | describes something that is farther away from the middle of the body |
| superior | describes something that is above something else |
| inferior | describes something that is below something else |
| medial | describes something that is closer to the midline, or center line, of the body |
| lateral | describes something that is farther away from the midline, or center line, of the body |
| homeostasis | the body has many mechanisms to help maintain a balance or "equilibrium" among its many systems |
| irreducible complexity | many of the body's systems cannot work unless others are already in place and working properly |
| skeletal system | bones and joints |
| muscular system | muscles |
| cardiovascular system | heart and blood vessels |
| respiratory system | nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs |
| nervous system | brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| digestive system | mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas |
| urinary system | kidneys, ureters, and bladder |
| reproductive system: male | testes, genital ducts, and prostate |
| reproductive system: female | ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and breasts |
| integumentary system | skin, nails, and hair |
| endocrine system | pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes (male), and ovaries (female) |
| lymphatic system | lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus, tonsils, and spleen |
| bone marrow | helps to create red and white blood cells |
| blood cells | help fight bacterial infections |
| rib cage | a protective shield for the heart and lungs and provides a sturdy space into which your lungs expand |
| hematopoiesis | most of our blood cells are formed by this process in the marrow cavities of the many bones of the body |
| blood cells | they die rapidly, many living only for days or months, and need to be replaced |
| long bones | bones that are longer than they are wide |
| short bones | bones about as wide as they are long |
| flat bones | thin bones either long or short, and usually curved |
| sesamoid bones | bones that are small and round |
| irregular bones | bones that cannot easily be placed in the other categories |
| medullary | in the middle |
| epiphysis | the rounded, broader end of a long bone (the joint end( |
| periosteum | the outermost layer of bone, which is a thin, fibrous membrane |
| compact bone | the is beneath the periosteum, and is a dense, thick layer |
| spongy bone | the innermost part of the bone that is like a sponge or a honeycomb |
| osteo | the Greek word for "bone" |
| osteocyte | a mature bone cell |
| osteoblast | an immature cell or a bone-building cell |
| osteoclasts | break down bone |
| osteon | the basic unit of compact bone |
| circumferential lamellae | the outer layer of compact bone that is made up of very large rings of ground substance and osteocytes |
| trabeculae | the struts observed in spongy bones |
| epiphyseal plate | bones grow in this area |
| chondrocytes | these cells are what makes cartilage |
| human growth hormone (hGH) | helps regulate bone growth |
| rickets | a bone disease in children that is the result of a deficiency of vitamin D |
| calcitonin | a hormone released by the thyroid when calcium levels in the body get too high |
| osteoporosis | a disease, primarily of the elderly, that results in bones that are very fragile |
| arthritis | inflammation of one or more joints |
| osteoarthritis | joint cartilage gradually deteriorates, resulting in pain, swelling, and restricted motion in the joints affected |
| rheumatoid arthritis | a person's own immune system attacks the body's own tissues, often the joints of smaller bones |
| fracture | a break in a bone |
| hematoma | a mass of clotted blood |
| callus | a cartilage-like layer of tissue that forms inside a fracture |
| immobilize | keeping the broken pieces of bone from shifting |
| arthroscope | a small telescope for looking into joints |
| reduction | putting fractured bones into alignment |
| axial skeleton | made up of the skull, vertebral column, and ribs |
| vertebral column | protects the spinal cord |
| appendicular skeleton | made up of the upper and lower limbs as well as the bones that connect them to the axial skeleton |
| pectoral girdle | connects the arms to the axial skeleton |
| pelvic girdle | connects the legs to the axial skeleton |
| flexion | a movement that decreases the angle between two parts of the body |
| extension | a movement that increases the angle between two parts of the body |
| abduction | movement away from the midline of the body |
| adduction | movement toward the midline of the body |
| articulate | connected by a joint |
| sutures | the joints that hold the cranial bones together |
| hyoid bone | the only bone not connected to another bone located in the neck between the jawbone and the thyroid gland |
| complete fracture | one where the bone breaks into two or more separate pieces |
| incomplete fracture | one in which the bone is cracked but not broken all the way through |
| simple fracture | one in which the bone is broken but does not break through the skin |
| compound fracture | one in which the fractured bone breaks through the skin |
| contract | when muscles do this, they get smaller or shorter |
| contractility | means muscle tissues can contract with great force |
| elasticity | means that when a muscle is stretched, it has the ability to return to its resting length |
| excitability | means that muscle can respond to a stimulus or trigger |
| extensibility | means that muscle can be stretched |
| skeletal muscle | known as voluntary muscle, contracts on your command, is striated |
| muscle fiber | also known as a muscle cell; can be very long, often extending the entire length of the muscle |
| myofilaments | can be made of myosin molecules or actin molecules |
| aerobic respiration | the process where glucose (sugar) is broken down with oxygen being present |
| anaerobic respiration | the process where glucose (sugar) is broken down without oxygen being present |
| lactic acid | diffuses out of the muscle cells and into the blood to be diposed of |
| anabolic steroids | synthetic male hormones taken to enhance muscle growth and performance |
| muscle tone | refers to the fact that there is some tension in a muscle even when it is not being actively contracted |
| muscle atrophy | muscles that have not been used regularly for weeks get smaller |
| rigor mortis | occurs after death because the muscles all over the body contract and are unable to relax |
| sarcomere | the simplest contractile unit of a muscle |
| thick myofilaments | these are made of myosin |
| thin myofilaments | these are made of actin |
| mitochondria | they convert fuel, like sugars, into usable energy |
| antagonistic | muscles that work opposite each other |
| intercostal muscles | located between the ribs |
| orbicularis oculi muscle | encircles each eye; helps us to blink, wink, and squint |
| deltoid muscle | the round muscle over the cap of the shoulder |
| rotator cuff | the name for the four muscles that hold the humerus in the shoulder joint |
| trapezius | the triangular-shaped muscle in the upper back, helping connect the pectoral girdle to the thorax |
| pectoralis major muscle | the primary muscle of the chest |
| rectus abdominis | this long muscle on the front wall of the abdomen helps keep the pelvis stable as we walk |
| anterior | means "in the front" |
| posterior | means "in the back" |
| occipitofrontalis | the main muscle across our forehead; elevates the eyebrows |
| orbicularis oris | helps you close your mouth |
| mentalis muscle | on the front of the lower jaw; helps wrinkle the chin |
| buccinator | compresses the cheek and helps keep food in place as we chew |
| gluteus maximus | biggest muscle in the body |
| heart | hardest working muscle in the body |
| achilles | strongest tendon in the body |
| hamstring | muscle at the rear of the thigh |
| supra | means "above" |
| infra | means "below" |
| pericardium | this sac goes around the heart |
| epicardium | made mostly of connective tissue and provides a protective covering for the surface of the heart |
| desmosome | helps hold the muscle fibers together as they contract |
| pulmonary circulation | the right-sided circulation |
| systemic circulation | the left-sided circulation |
| artery | vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| vein | vessel that carries blood toward the heart |
| atria | collects blood as it returns to the heart |
| pulmonary veins | veins that bring blood from the lungs to the left atrium |
| vena cavae | the veins that bring blood back from the brain and the body |
| tricuspid valve | blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle through this |
| bicuspid valve | blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle through this |
| mitral | used for the bicuspid valve because the two cusps look a little like a bishop's headdress, called a miter |
| chordae tendineae | the ties that bind the cusps to the ventricular walls; this Latin name means "heart strings: |
| semilunar valves | the valves guarding the exit from the ventricles |
| pulmonary valve | the semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery |
| cardiac cycle | the name given to the five steps involved in filling the heart's chambers and pumping the blood |
| atrial systole | after the passive filling of the ventricles, when the atria simultaneously contract |
| edema | swelling caused by fluid accumulating in tissues |
| pulmonary edema | fluid in the lungs |
| interventricular septum | muscular wall between the ventricles |
| myocardial infarction | commonly known as a "heart attack" |
| myocardial ischemia | the situation where adequate oxygen is not delivered to the heart muscle |
| coronary heart disease | a type of cardiovascular disease, a term that includes heart attacks and strokes and other diseases of the heart and blood vessels |
| autorhythmic cells | these repeatedly produce electrical signals that stimulate the heart to contract |
| cardiac conduction system | Also known as instrinsic conduction system; has two "nodes" that set the pace of the heartbeat |
| SA node | a small group of cells located in the upper portion of the right atrium's wall, near the entrance of the superior vena cava; the heart's main pacemaker |
| Purkinje fibers | deliver the electric signals to their final destination; vital for maintaining the heart's smooth, coordinated pumping action |
| electrocardiogram | the recording that is produced from the electrical impulses transmitted through the heart |
| cardiac output | the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute |
| stroke volume | the amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat |
| echocardiogram | an ultrasound of the heart |
| diastolic volume | the amount of blood in the ventricle when it is full |
| end systolic volume | the amount of blood left in the ventricle after it contracts |
| vascular system | a collection of tubes that carry blood away from the heart and then back again |
| arteries | take blood away from the heart |
| veins | carry blood back to the heart |
| capillaries | connect the arteries and veins |
| arterioles | the smallest arteries; they lead to the capillaries |
| venules | the smallest veins; carry blood from the capillaries to the larger veins |
| endothelium | lines all the blood vessels and the heart itself |
| scurvy | a severe vitamin C deficiency |
| elastic arteries | the arteries that are closest to the heart |
| adrenaline | also called epinephrine; increases heart rate |
| vasoconstriction | this is when the smooth muscle contracts and the lumen constricts |
| abdominal aorta | the portion of the aorta below the diaphragm |
| upper respiratory system | consists of nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx |
| lower respiratory system | contains the trachea, tubes of the bronchial tree, lungs |
| external nares | two openings on the nose (nostrils) |
| bacteriophages | bacteria-eating viruses |
| nasal conchae | stick out from the sides of the nasal cavity (turbinates) |
| sinuses | air-filled spaces in the skull surrounding the nasal cavity |
| pharynx | commonly called the throat |
| nasopharynx | superior (upper) portion of the pharynx |
| Eustachian tubes | these drain any excess mucus or other fluid that might collect in the middle ear |
| larynx | commonly called the voice box |
| thyroid cartilage | commonly called the "Adam's apple" |
| trachea | commonly called the windpipe |
| internal respiration | gas exchange between capillaries and the cells and tissues of the body |
| cellular respiration | process by which cells obtain energy from nutrients like glucose |
| asthma | chronic inflammatory disease of the airways |
| hilum | where the bronchi & blood vessels enter the lungs |
| alveoli | tiny sacs that pouch out from the walls of respiratory bronchioles & alveolar ducts |
| surfactant | a special kind of molecule that has some detergent-like properties |
| pneumonia | an inflammatory condition of the lungs, primarily affecting the air sacs |
| pleura | each lung is enclosed by this double-layered membrane |
| pleurisy | occurs when the pleural membranes become inflamed |
| inspiration | the first phase of breathing when air is taken into the lungs |
| expiration | the second phase of breathing when air flows back out of the lungs |
| diaphragm | the large, dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs |
| tidal volume | the amount of air in one breath |
| inspiratory reserve volume | the amount of air taken in beyond the normal tidal volume |
| vital capacity | the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration |
| hemoglobin | protein in the blood that carries oxygen efficiently |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells in the blood & contain hemoglobin |
| oxyhemoglobin | when hemoglobin is bound to one or more oxygen molecules |
| carbon monoxide | a colorless, odorless gas that consists of one carbon atom & one oxygen atom |
| carbaminohemoglobin | when hemoglobin is carrying carbon dioxide |
| bronchial arteries | supply oxygenated blood & nutrients to the lung tissue |
| ventilation | gets air into the lungs; just means "breathing" |
| accessory muscles | used when a deeper or more forceful breath is required |
Created by:
larmstrong3
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