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Biology 2 Practical
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Porifera: | sponges are sessile with porous bodies and choanocytes |
| Parts of the sponge include | •Spongocoel = Central cavity of sponge•Osculum= Larger excurrent opening of the spongocoel•Epidermis-Single layer of flattened cells which forms outer surface sponge• |
| Porocyte= | Cells which form pores; possess a hollow channel through the center which extends from the outer surface (incurrent pore) to spongocoel.• |
| What is the simplest kind of invertebrate? | The sponge. |
| Choanocyte= | Collar cell, majority of cells which line the spongocoel; possess a flagellum which is ringed by a collar of fingerlike projections. Flagellar movement moves water and food particles which are trapped on the collar and later phagocytized.• |
| Mesohyl = | The gelatinous layer located between the two layers of the sponge body wall (epidermis and choanocytes).• |
| Amoebocyte= | Wandering, pseudopod bearing cells in the mesohyl; function in food uptake from choanocytes, food digestion, nutrient distribution to othercells, formation of skeletal fibers, gamete formation• |
| Spicule= | Sharp, calcium carbonate or silica structures in the mesohyl which form the skeletal fibers of many sponges |
| What is a sponge shaped like? | It is shaped like a sac with an opening at the top. |
| Spongin | Flexible proteinaceous skeletal fibers in the mesohyl of some sponges |
| The first air-breathing land animals were: | arthropods |
| How many layers is a sponge's body made of? | 2 cell layers. |
| Where do sponges live? | Sponges live in water, attached to sand or rocks. |
| .Sponges possess | extensive regeneration abilities for repair and asexual reproduction. |
| Cnidaria: | Cnidarians have radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, and cnidocytes |
| The cnidaria contains | hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones and coral animals. |
| Some characteristics of cnidarians include | :•Radial symmetry•Diploblastic•Simple, sac-like body |
| There are two possible cnidarian body plans | sessile polyp and motile floating medusa. |
| Some species of cnidarians exist only as polyps some only as medusae | and others are dimorphic (both polyp and medusa stages in their life cycles). |
| What do sponges lack? | They lack Systems so no muscles, no nerves and no organs for digestion or circulation |
| Polyp= | Cylindrical form which adheres to the substratum by the aboral end of the body stalk and extends tentacles around the oral end to contact prey Cyanea capillataarctica→ largest, "Lion's Mane Jellyfish" or Arctic Jellyfish. |
| Medusa= | Flattened, oral opening faces down, bell-shaped form; moves freely in water by passive drifting and weak bell contractions; tentacles |
| Cnidarians are | carnivorous.• |
| How is Arthropods body supported? | There body is supported by small needles called 'spicules' made by archeocytes |
| Tentacles are armed with stinging cells called | cnidocytes—after which the Cnidaria are named. |
| Cnidocytes | Specialized cells of cnidarian epidermis that contain eversible capsule-like organelles, or cnidae, used in defense and capture of prey. |
| Nematocysts are | stinging capsules. |
| The simplest forms of muscles and nerves occur in | Cnidaria |
| What is an osculum? | The internal cavity with an upper hole that water exits the sponge. |
| Epidermal and gastro dermal cells have bundles of microfilaments | arranged into contractile fibers. |
| What do ribbon worms and flatworms have in common? | They are acoelomates. |
| The gastrovascular cavity | when filled with water, acts as a ,hydrostatic skeleton against which the contractile fibers can work to change the animal's shape.• |
| A simple nerve net coordinates movement and no | brain is present. Associated with sensory receptors |
| The __________ gives rise to muscles, bones, and the circulatory system. | mesoderm |
| How do porifera feed? | By choanocytes generating a current with flagella, filtering water and capturing food particles to make a food vacuole. |
| The lining of the digestive tube is formed from: | endoderm |
| All cnidarians that have a medusa belong to the clade | Medusozoa, including the hydrozoans, scyphozoans (jellyfish) andcubozoans (box jellies). |
| .Hydrozoa | Most hydrozoans alternate polyp and medusa forms in the life cycle although the polyp is the dominant stage. Some are colonial (e.g., Obelia, Physalia (Portuguese Man-O-War)), while others are solitary (e.g., Hydra) |
| Diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and __________, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and __________. | ctenophores; endoderm |
| Hydra is unique in that only the | polyp stage is present. |
| How do sponges reproduce? | They can reproduce sexually or asexually (fragmentation or budding) |
| Freshwater, polyp only and solitary | Hydra |
| Scyphozoa | The planktonic medusa (jellyfish) is the most prominent stage of the life cycle.•Coastal species usually pass through a small polyp stage during the life cycle.•Open ocean species have eliminated the polyp entirely. |
| Sponge larvae: | are flagellated and able to swim |
| Cubozoa | comprise 20 described species |
| The head end of an animal is termed its: | anterior end |
| The box jellies have a | spherical shaped with squared off edges, hence their name• |
| Where do most molluscs live? | Most live in water, snails and slugs live on land. |
| Chironex fleckeri(sea wasp) has been called | the deadliest jellyfish in the world |
| Most representatives of the phylum Porifera gain nutrition as: | suspension feeders |
| Anthozoa | This group contains sea anemones and coral animals.They only occur as polyps. |
| Hox genes have been identified in: | both bilaterally symmetric and radially symmetric animals only |
| Coral animals may | be solitary or colonial and secrete external skeletons of calcium carbonate.• |
| Within the phylum Cnidaria, corals are most closely related to: | sea anemones |
| What do molluscs look like? | They have a soft body and have a mantle that secretes a shell or mucous layer for protection |
| Coral is the | rock-like external skeletons. |
| In cnidarians, nematocysts are housed in specialized cells called: | cnidocytes |
| Ctenophora: combjellies possess rows of | ciliary plates and adhesive colloblasts This clade contains the comb jellies. There are about 100 species, all of which are marine. |
| A __________ plane divides the animal body into dorsal and ventral parts. | frontal |
| Sea Walnut | aka Comb Jelly Cestum(Venus' Girdle) |
| Give some examples of molluscs. | Squids |
| Mussels | |
| Slugs | |
| Oysters | |
| Octopus | |
| Cuttlefish | |
| Nautilus | |
| Snails | |
| Limpets | |
| Among the scyphozoans, the __________ stage is reduced or absent. | polyp |
| Although corals can capture prey, they also depend on __________ for nutrition. | a symbiotic relationship with the photosynthetic zooxanthellae |
| The presence of a lophophore in all three groups (Bryozoans | brachiopods, phoronids) ,suggested a relationship among these clades, but it is now clear that they are not one another's closest relatives. |
| Molluscs have a foot of tentacles. True or False? | True. |
| .Ectoprocta (Bryozoans) | This contains the moss animals. There are about 4500 species which are mostly marine and are widespread. |
| Which statement best describes a lophophore? | It is a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth |
| Ectoprocta are | small, colonial forms.•In most, the colony is enclosed within a hard exoskeleton and the lophophores are extended through pores when feeding.•Some are important reef builders. |
| Phoronids | This clade contains about 20 species of tube-dwelling marine worms.•Length from 1 mm to 50 cm•Phoronids live buried in sand in chitinous tubes with the lophophore extended from the tube when feeding. |
| The nervous system of many species of flatworms: | is a "ladder-type." |
| What clade contains the lamp shells? | Brachiopoda |
| -There are approximately 335 extant species, all marine.• More than 30,000 fossil species of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic have been identified. | |
| How developed are molluscs' organs? | Highly developed. |
| Free-living flatworms belong to the class: | Turbellaria |
| The body of a brachiopod is enclosed | by dorsal and ventral shell halves. |
| Attach to the substratum by a stalk | |
| Sessile | attach |
| Spongilla | freshwater sponge, nique adaptations for freshwater |
| How is a pseudocoelom different from a coelom? | A coelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm. |
| Euplectella | Venus flower basket |
| How do molluscs breathe? | Through lungs (terrestrial) or gills (aquatic) |
| Hermaphrodite (monoecious) | an organism that has both male and female reproductive organs |
| Dioecious | separate sexes |
| Amphiblastula | Free-swimming larval stage of sponge |
| Diploblastic | Having two germ layers. |
| What are the parts of the molluscs' body? | The mantle, the visceral mass and the muscular foot that may be modified into tentacles. |
| Triploblastic | 3 germ layers |
| complete digestive system | animal has mouth and anus; food travels one way |
| Metridium | sea anemone |
| Hermatypic corals | reef building corals |
| bioluminescent | able to emit light |
| Plumatella | Freshwater Bryozoan |
| Trochophore larvae | Mollusca and Annelida |
| Annelids | have a segmented body. |
| Critical to polychaete and oligochaete locomotion are: | setae. |
| How do cnidarian catch their prey? | By stinging them with stinging tentacles called nematocysts. |
| Segmentation is important in annelids as an aid in: | movement. |
| Hermaphroditic earthworms reproduce sexually by connecting their bodies by their __________. This allows transfer of __________ from one worm to the other. | clitellum; sperm |
| Animals with a crown of cilia that look like a spinning wheel are the: | rotifers |
| __________ are parasites that infect humans and, as adults, reside in the small intestines of the host. | Ascarid worms |
| One of the disadvantages of exoskeletons in arthropods is that: | they must be shed when the animal grows. |
| The __________ are very common arthropod Paleozoic fossils, and are extinct today. | trilobites |
| An elongate uniramid with many legs as well as poison claws is called: | a centipede |
| An arthropod with chelicerae, pedipalps, and silk glands would be: | a spider |
| Cnidarians have 2 body forms. What are they? | Swimming medusa (umbrella shaped, floating freely) and sessile polyps (a bag shape fixed to the ground) |
| As adults, __________ are sessile crustaceans | barnacles |
| Which of the following arthropod groups is almost exclusively aquatic in habitat? | Crustacea |
| What do cnidarian mouths have? | Tentacles with stinging cells and a gastrovascular cavity. |
| What are animals that feed on things in the bottom of the ocean floor | Deposit Feeders. ex Sea Cucumbers |
| Sea cucumbers will ____ when environmental conditions deteriorate. | eject their digestive tract, respiratory structures, and gonads |
| Describe Characteristics of organisms belonging to Phylum Annelida (Annulus - Segmented) | * 3 cell layer |
| * Segmented tubular body | |
| Hermaphroditic | |
| Closed Circulatory system | |
| Five pairs of hearts | |
| Earthworm very few bristles | |
| Bristle - many bristles | |
| Leech - no bristles | |
| Bilateral symmetry | a body plan in which a single imaginary line can divide the body into left and right sides that are mirror images of each other |
| Give examples of roundworms. | Hookworms and Ascaris. |
| How many layers do the bodies of annelids have? | Bodies have 3 layers and are divided into segments. |
| Give examples of annelids. | Earthworms, Leeches and Marine worms. |
| Medusa | A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles that reproduces sexually. |
| Describe Characteristics of organisms belonging to Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) | * 3 cell layers: endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm |
| * Some free living | |
| * Some parasitic | |
| Bilateral symmetry | |
| What is another name for Flatworms? | Platyhelminthes. |
| Give another name for roundworms. | Nematodes. |
| Phylum Porifera (characteristics) | * Sessile |
| * Filter feeders | |
| * Two Speciallized types of cells | |
| * Cells able to re-organize if cut apart | |
| What are annelids? | Segmented worms. |
| Phylum Cnidaria (Characteristics) | * 2 cell layers thick |
| * Stinging cells, nematocysts | |
| * 2 Body Types | |
| Polyp - sessile | |
| Medusa - motile | |
| Give 3 examples of flatworms. | tapeworms, flukes and planarians. |
| Where do annelids live? | They only live on land and don't live inside an animals body. |
| Phylum Annelida (Examples) | Leeches |
| Earthworms | |
| Marine - Bristle worms | |
| What is an annelid nervous system like? | It is a simple nervous system. |
| Sea stars eat: | mostly crustaceans and mollusks. |
| Phylum Nematoda (Examples) | Roundworms - Ascaris, Filaria, Trichina |
| Asymmetrical | a body plan that is Irregular in shape |
| Describe Characteristics of organisms belonging to Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms) | * Mouth to Anus, open Digestive System |
| * 3 cell layers | |
| * some free living | |
| * Some parasitic | |
| Can throw up their guts | Evisceration |
| Phylum Platyhelminthes (Examples) | Flatworms |
| Flukes | |
| Tapeworms | |
| Polyp | It is sessile, non moving, phase of Cnidarians. |
| Radial symmetry | a body plan that can be divided into pie shaped sections around a line |
| Describe Characteristics of organisms belonging to Phylum Mollusca (Soft-Bodied) | * 3 part body, gut, foot, mantle |
| * Some sessile | |
| * Some motile | |
| * Very good sense organs | |
| * Some very intelligent squid | |
| Phylum Cnidaria (Examples) | Hydra |
| Coral | |
| Jellyfish | |
| Anemone | |
| Where do flatworms live? | Some live as parasites in the bodies of other animals, and others live in wet environments. |
| What do roundworms look like? | They are cylindrical and have thin bodies with pointed ends. |
| Lancelets are: | filter feeders |
| Phylum Porifera (Examples) | Sponges |
| Nematocysts | Stinging cells on tentacles |
| Name 3 Classes in Phylum Mollusca | C. Bivalve - clams, oysters, scollops |
| C. Gastropoda - snails, slugs | |
| C. Cephalopoda - octopus, squid | |
| Sea stars are primarily | carnivores |
| How do arthropods reproduce? | They reproduce sexually. |
| How do arthropods breathe? | They breathe by gills (aquatic) or by spiracles with tracheal tubes (terrestrial) or by book lungs (terrestrial) |
| Ribbon worms have a unique __________ that is used to capture prey. | proboscis |
| Describe Arthropods' bodies. | They have jointed legs and a body that is divided into sections. |
| What covers echinoderms? | A thin skin. |
| What do flatworms look like? | They have flat bodies, head and a tail. |
| What are the three major groups (classes) of Arthropods? | Insects |
| Chelicerates | |
| Crustaceans | |
| Urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the ____ show(s) the basic chordate characteristics. | larva |
| Deuterostomes are characterized by ____ and ____ cleavage | radial; indeterminate |
| Give 4 examples of echinoderms. | Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber, brittle star. |
| Tunicates are ____ in the phylum ____. | urochordates; Chordata |
| A closed circulatory system is found in the: | Cephalopoda |
| What is one identifying feature of an echinoderm? | They have a five way (penta-radial) symmetry. |
| Echinoderms are unique because: | their larvae are bilaterally symmetrical while the adult is pentaradially symmetrical. |
| The most unique feature of the echinoderms is their: | water vascular system |
| Adult tunicates resemble ____and are ____. | sponges, filter feeders |
| What is the largest group of invertebrate? | Arthropods |
| Members of the class Bivalvia: | have a mantle that may form pearls |
| Tapeworm(s): | bodies consist of hundreds of reproductive segments. |
| All echinoderms are found | in marine habitats. |
| Deuterostomes evolved during the | Proterozoic |
| Give 3 examples of crustaceans. | Shrimp, lobster and crab. |
| How do Echinoderms reproduce? | Sexually or by fragmentation. |
| Class ____ includes mostly extinct species and a few current species such as feather stars and sea lilies. | Crinoidea |
| Clams and oysters are: | filter feeders |
| What are echinoderms skeletons made of? | Hard plates often with spines. |
| One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they: | have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall. |
| Which class of echinoderms has the greatest species diversity? | Ophiuroidea |
| How many segments is the body of arthropods divided into? | 3 - The head, the thorax/cephalothorax and abdomen. |
| Catenulida | Chain worms that reproduce asexually by budding |
| Freshwater habitat | |
| Flatworms | |
| Rhabditophora | All remaining (besides Catenulids) free living and parasitic flatworms |
| Schistosomiasis | infestation with Schistosoma flukes |
| Ectoparasites | Parasites that feed on external surface of host. |
| endoparasite | parasite living on the inside of its host |
| opisthaptor | posterior attachment organ |
| Monogenea | group of parasitic flatworm flukes that have only one host during the life cycle |
| Rotifers | tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil |
| Nemertea | proboscis worms or ribbon worms; lack a true ceolom but they have an alimentary cannal |
| Complete D.S. | |
| Closed circulatory system | |
| Errantia | mobile marine free-living worms |
| Ex. Nereis | |
| Sedentaria | sessile, benthic, tube-dwelling polycheates with specialization of segments |
| Ex. Lumbricus | |
| Gastropoda | snails and slugs |
| Most are herbivorous | |
| Ex. Pulmonate snails, Conus-Cone Snail, venomous | |
| Bivalvia | The class of the phylum Mollusca that includes clams, oysters, and mussels. |
| Ex. Tridacna gigas | |
| Cephalopoda (Mollusca) | These have a muscular foot, a shell created by a mantle, and a visceral mass to contain organs. They can also change color |
| EX: Nautilis, squid, octopus | |
| Ex. Loligo (Common Atlantic Squid) | |
| Giant Squid - Architeuthis dux | |
| Colossal Squid- Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | |
| Ecdysozoans | A major lineage of protostomes (Ecdysozoam) that grow by shedding their external skeletons (molting) and expanding their bodies. Includes arthropods, insects, crustaceans, nematodes, and centipedes. |
| Necator americanus | hookworm; iron deficiency anemia |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | roundworm |
| Enterobis vermiculoris | Pinworm |
| Myriapoda | centipedes and millipedes |
| Pancrustaceans | lobsters and other crustaceans, as well as insects and their relatives |
| Hexapoda | insects |
| Crustaceans | Any of various predominantly aquatic arthropods of the class Crustacea, including lobsters, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles, characteristically having a segmented body, a chitinous exoskeleton, and paired, jointed limbs. |
| Barnacles | Sessile crustaceans that have a shell and are anchored to submerged surfaces. |
| Copepods | any of a group of small crustaceans that are important members of marine and freshwater plankton communities |
| Isopods | A member of one of the largest groups of crustaceans, which includes terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species. Among the terrestrial isopods are the pill bugs, or wood lice. |
| Echinodermata | radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers |
| Asteroidea | sea stars |
| Ex. Asterias- Common Starfish | |
| Papulae | skin gills |
| pentamerous | divided into five parts |
| Autotomy | the ability of an organism to drop a body part and, usually, to regenerate a new one |
| Ophiuroidea | brittle stars |
| Echinoidea | class of sea urchins and sand dollars |
| Lack arms | |
| Radial symmetry | |
| Aristotle Lantern | |
| Crinoidea | sea lilies and feather stars |
| Most are sessile | |
| Holothuroidea | sea cucumbers |
| Deposit feeders | |
| Lack spines | |
| Respiratory tree | |
| Tube feet around mouth | |
| Evisceration | The displacement of organs outside of the body. |
| deposit feeders | swallow organic-rich sediments and other types of deposited material |
| Parazoa | no true tissues (sponges) |
| beside animals | |
| Eumetazoa | animals with true tissues |
| True Coelom is derived from | the mesoderm |
| Pseudocoelomate | false body cavity |
| monophyletic | ALL descendants came from one common ancestor |
| Protosome | an organism who's blastopore forms the mouth (worms, arthopods, and mollusks) |
| Spiral and determinate cleavage | |
| Blastomeres fate determined | |
| Partially developed embryo | |
| Split and form coelom | |
| Deuterostomes | blastopore becomes anus |
| mouth second | |
| radial and indeterminate cleavage | |
| Blastomere fate not determined | |
| Entire embryo | |
| Folds of archenteron form coelom | |
| All animal belong to what? | Metazoa |
| Lophotrochozoa | clade of protostomes that exhibit a trochophore larvae stage or a lophophore feeding structure |
| Cephalization | concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body |
| Gemmules | clusters of amoebocytes encased in protective coats |
| Grantia | Porifera |
| Grantia spicules | Phylum Porifera |
| Commercial bath sponge | |
| Prepared slip of a commercial sponge | |
| Leucosolenia | |
| Aurelia ephyra | |
| Aurelia planula | |
| Aurelia scyphistoma | |
| Aurelia strobila | |
| Hydra budding | In hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site. |
| Obelia hydroid colony | |
| Obelia medusa | |
| Physalia (Portuguese Man of War) | |
| Brown Planaria | |
| Clonorchis sinensis | human liver fluke |
| Fasciola hepatica | sheep liver fluke |
| Rediae and Cercariae | |
| Taenia pisiformis | |
| Nereis | |
| Hirudo verbana | |
| Lumbricus (earthworm) | |
| earthworm dissection | crop, gizzard, aerotic arches (hearts), setae (hairs for movement), ganglia |
| Chiton | |
| Conus shell | |
| mussel dissection | |
| Nautilus shell | |
| Loligo Dissection | |
| Turbatrix aceti (vinegar eel) | |
| Ascaris lumbricoides dissection | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | pinworm |
| Trichinella spiralis | Trichina worm |
| Tarantula diagram | |
| Garden spider | |
| Horseshoe crab | |
| Limulus | |
| Millipede | wormlike animal with two pairs of legs on most of its segments |
| Centipede | wormlike animal with one pair of legs on most of its segments |
| crayfish dissection | |
| Grasshopper dissection | |
| Sea Urchin dissection | |
| sea cucumber dissection | |
| Cynthia (Urochordata) | |
| Molgula (Urochordata) | |
| Branchiostoma | Amphioxus |
| Branchiostoma composite | |
| frog dissection |
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bonni462