Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biology 2 Practical
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Porifera: | sponges are sessile with porous bodies and choanocytes |
| Parts of the sponge include | •Spongocoel = Central cavity of sponge•Osculum= Larger excurrent opening of the spongocoel•Epidermis-Single layer of flattened cells which forms outer surface sponge• |
| Porocyte= | Cells which form pores; possess a hollow channel through the center which extends from the outer surface (incurrent pore) to spongocoel.• |
| What is the simplest kind of invertebrate? | The sponge. |
| Choanocyte= | Collar cell, majority of cells which line the spongocoel; possess a flagellum which is ringed by a collar of fingerlike projections. Flagellar movement moves water and food particles which are trapped on the collar and later phagocytized.• |
| Mesohyl = | The gelatinous layer located between the two layers of the sponge body wall (epidermis and choanocytes).• |
| Amoebocyte= | Wandering, pseudopod bearing cells in the mesohyl; function in food uptake from choanocytes, food digestion, nutrient distribution to othercells, formation of skeletal fibers, gamete formation• |
| Spicule= | Sharp, calcium carbonate or silica structures in the mesohyl which form the skeletal fibers of many sponges |
| What is a sponge shaped like? | It is shaped like a sac with an opening at the top. |
| Spongin | Flexible proteinaceous skeletal fibers in the mesohyl of some sponges |
| The first air-breathing land animals were: | arthropods |
| How many layers is a sponge's body made of? | 2 cell layers. |
| Where do sponges live? | Sponges live in water, attached to sand or rocks. |
| .Sponges possess | extensive regeneration abilities for repair and asexual reproduction. |
| Cnidaria: | Cnidarians have radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, and cnidocytes |
| The cnidaria contains | hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones and coral animals. |
| Some characteristics of cnidarians include | :•Radial symmetry•Diploblastic•Simple, sac-like body |
| There are two possible cnidarian body plans | sessile polyp and motile floating medusa. |
| Some species of cnidarians exist only as polyps some only as medusae | and others are dimorphic (both polyp and medusa stages in their life cycles). |
| What do sponges lack? | They lack Systems so no muscles, no nerves and no organs for digestion or circulation |
| Polyp= | Cylindrical form which adheres to the substratum by the aboral end of the body stalk and extends tentacles around the oral end to contact prey Cyanea capillataarctica→ largest, "Lion's Mane Jellyfish" or Arctic Jellyfish. |
| Medusa= | Flattened, oral opening faces down, bell-shaped form; moves freely in water by passive drifting and weak bell contractions; tentacles |
| Cnidarians are | carnivorous.• |
| How is Arthropods body supported? | There body is supported by small needles called 'spicules' made by archeocytes |
| Tentacles are armed with stinging cells called | cnidocytes—after which the Cnidaria are named. |
| Cnidocytes | Specialized cells of cnidarian epidermis that contain eversible capsule-like organelles, or cnidae, used in defense and capture of prey. |
| Nematocysts are | stinging capsules. |
| The simplest forms of muscles and nerves occur in | Cnidaria |
| What is an osculum? | The internal cavity with an upper hole that water exits the sponge. |
| Epidermal and gastro dermal cells have bundles of microfilaments | arranged into contractile fibers. |
| What do ribbon worms and flatworms have in common? | They are acoelomates. |
| The gastrovascular cavity | when filled with water, acts as a ,hydrostatic skeleton against which the contractile fibers can work to change the animal's shape.• |
| A simple nerve net coordinates movement and no | brain is present. Associated with sensory receptors |
| The __________ gives rise to muscles, bones, and the circulatory system. | mesoderm |
| How do porifera feed? | By choanocytes generating a current with flagella, filtering water and capturing food particles to make a food vacuole. |
| The lining of the digestive tube is formed from: | endoderm |
| All cnidarians that have a medusa belong to the clade | Medusozoa, including the hydrozoans, scyphozoans (jellyfish) andcubozoans (box jellies). |
| .Hydrozoa | Most hydrozoans alternate polyp and medusa forms in the life cycle although the polyp is the dominant stage. Some are colonial (e.g., Obelia, Physalia (Portuguese Man-O-War)), while others are solitary (e.g., Hydra) |
| Diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and __________, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and __________. | ctenophores; endoderm |
| Hydra is unique in that only the | polyp stage is present. |
| How do sponges reproduce? | They can reproduce sexually or asexually (fragmentation or budding) |
| Freshwater, polyp only and solitary | Hydra |
| Scyphozoa | The planktonic medusa (jellyfish) is the most prominent stage of the life cycle.•Coastal species usually pass through a small polyp stage during the life cycle.•Open ocean species have eliminated the polyp entirely. |
| Sponge larvae: | are flagellated and able to swim |
| Cubozoa | comprise 20 described species |
| The head end of an animal is termed its: | anterior end |
| The box jellies have a | spherical shaped with squared off edges, hence their name• |
| Where do most molluscs live? | Most live in water, snails and slugs live on land. |
| Chironex fleckeri(sea wasp) has been called | the deadliest jellyfish in the world |
| Most representatives of the phylum Porifera gain nutrition as: | suspension feeders |
| Anthozoa | This group contains sea anemones and coral animals.They only occur as polyps. |
| Hox genes have been identified in: | both bilaterally symmetric and radially symmetric animals only |
| Coral animals may | be solitary or colonial and secrete external skeletons of calcium carbonate.• |
| Within the phylum Cnidaria, corals are most closely related to: | sea anemones |
| What do molluscs look like? | They have a soft body and have a mantle that secretes a shell or mucous layer for protection |
| Coral is the | rock-like external skeletons. |
| In cnidarians, nematocysts are housed in specialized cells called: | cnidocytes |
| Ctenophora: combjellies possess rows of | ciliary plates and adhesive colloblasts This clade contains the comb jellies. There are about 100 species, all of which are marine. |
| A __________ plane divides the animal body into dorsal and ventral parts. | frontal |
| Sea Walnut | aka Comb Jelly Cestum(Venus' Girdle) |
| Give some examples of molluscs. | Squids |
| Mussels | |
| Slugs | |
| Oysters | |
| Octopus | |
| Cuttlefish | |
| Nautilus | |
| Snails | |
| Limpets | |
| Among the scyphozoans, the __________ stage is reduced or absent. | polyp |
| Although corals can capture prey, they also depend on __________ for nutrition. | a symbiotic relationship with the photosynthetic zooxanthellae |
| The presence of a lophophore in all three groups (Bryozoans | brachiopods, phoronids) ,suggested a relationship among these clades, but it is now clear that they are not one another's closest relatives. |
| Molluscs have a foot of tentacles. True or False? | True. |
| .Ectoprocta (Bryozoans) | This contains the moss animals. There are about 4500 species which are mostly marine and are widespread. |
| Which statement best describes a lophophore? | It is a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth |
| Ectoprocta are | small, colonial forms.•In most, the colony is enclosed within a hard exoskeleton and the lophophores are extended through pores when feeding.•Some are important reef builders. |
| Phoronids | This clade contains about 20 species of tube-dwelling marine worms.•Length from 1 mm to 50 cm•Phoronids live buried in sand in chitinous tubes with the lophophore extended from the tube when feeding. |
| The nervous system of many species of flatworms: | is a "ladder-type." |
| What clade contains the lamp shells? | Brachiopoda |
| -There are approximately 335 extant species, all marine.• More than 30,000 fossil species of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic have been identified. | |
| How developed are molluscs' organs? | Highly developed. |
| Free-living flatworms belong to the class: | Turbellaria |
| The body of a brachiopod is enclosed | by dorsal and ventral shell halves. |
| Attach to the substratum by a stalk | |
| Sessile | attach |
| Spongilla | freshwater sponge, nique adaptations for freshwater |
| How is a pseudocoelom different from a coelom? | A coelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm. |
| Euplectella | Venus flower basket |
| How do molluscs breathe? | Through lungs (terrestrial) or gills (aquatic) |
| Hermaphrodite (monoecious) | an organism that has both male and female reproductive organs |
| Dioecious | separate sexes |
| Amphiblastula | Free-swimming larval stage of sponge |
| Diploblastic | Having two germ layers. |
| What are the parts of the molluscs' body? | The mantle, the visceral mass and the muscular foot that may be modified into tentacles. |
| Triploblastic | 3 germ layers |
| complete digestive system | animal has mouth and anus; food travels one way |
| Metridium | sea anemone |
| Hermatypic corals | reef building corals |
| bioluminescent | able to emit light |
| Plumatella | Freshwater Bryozoan |
| Trochophore larvae | Mollusca and Annelida |
| Annelids | have a segmented body. |
| Critical to polychaete and oligochaete locomotion are: | setae. |
| How do cnidarian catch their prey? | By stinging them with stinging tentacles called nematocysts. |
| Segmentation is important in annelids as an aid in: | movement. |
| Hermaphroditic earthworms reproduce sexually by connecting their bodies by their __________. This allows transfer of __________ from one worm to the other. | clitellum; sperm |
| Animals with a crown of cilia that look like a spinning wheel are the: | rotifers |
| __________ are parasites that infect humans and, as adults, reside in the small intestines of the host. | Ascarid worms |
| One of the disadvantages of exoskeletons in arthropods is that: | they must be shed when the animal grows. |
| The __________ are very common arthropod Paleozoic fossils, and are extinct today. | trilobites |
| An elongate uniramid with many legs as well as poison claws is called: | a centipede |
| An arthropod with chelicerae, pedipalps, and silk glands would be: | a spider |
| Cnidarians have 2 body forms. What are they? | Swimming medusa (umbrella shaped, floating freely) and sessile polyps (a bag shape fixed to the ground) |
| As adults, __________ are sessile crustaceans | barnacles |
| Which of the following arthropod groups is almost exclusively aquatic in habitat? | Crustacea |
| What do cnidarian mouths have? | Tentacles with stinging cells and a gastrovascular cavity. |
| What are animals that feed on things in the bottom of the ocean floor | Deposit Feeders. ex Sea Cucumbers |
| Sea cucumbers will ____ when environmental conditions deteriorate. | eject their digestive tract, respiratory structures, and gonads |
| Describe Characteristics of organisms belonging to Phylum Annelida (Annulus - Segmented) | * 3 cell layer |
| * Segmented tubular body | |
| Hermaphroditic | |
| Closed Circulatory system | |
| Five pairs of hearts | |
| Earthworm very few bristles | |
| Bristle - many bristles | |
| Leech - no bristles | |
| Bilateral symmetry | a body plan in which a single imaginary line can divide the body into left and right sides that are mirror images of each other |
| Give examples of roundworms. | Hookworms and Ascaris. |
| How many layers do the bodies of annelids have? | Bodies have 3 layers and are divided into segments. |
| Give examples of annelids. | Earthworms, Leeches and Marine worms. |
| Medusa | A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles that reproduces sexually. |
| Describe Characteristics of organisms belonging to Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) | * 3 cell layers: endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm |
| * Some free living | |
| * Some parasitic | |
| Bilateral symmetry | |
| What is another name for Flatworms? | Platyhelminthes. |
| Give another name for roundworms. | Nematodes. |
| Phylum Porifera (characteristics) | * Sessile |
| * Filter feeders | |
| * Two Speciallized types of cells | |
| * Cells able to re-organize if cut apart | |
| What are annelids? | Segmented worms. |
| Phylum Cnidaria (Characteristics) | * 2 cell layers thick |
| * Stinging cells, nematocysts | |
| * 2 Body Types | |
| Polyp - sessile | |
| Medusa - motile | |
| Give 3 examples of flatworms. | tapeworms, flukes and planarians. |
| Where do annelids live? | They only live on land and don't live inside an animals body. |
| Phylum Annelida (Examples) | Leeches |
| Earthworms | |
| Marine - Bristle worms | |
| What is an annelid nervous system like? | It is a simple nervous system. |
| Sea stars eat: | mostly crustaceans and mollusks. |
| Phylum Nematoda (Examples) | Roundworms - Ascaris, Filaria, Trichina |
| Asymmetrical | a body plan that is Irregular in shape |
| Describe Characteristics of organisms belonging to Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms) | * Mouth to Anus, open Digestive System |
| * 3 cell layers | |
| * some free living | |
| * Some parasitic | |
| Can throw up their guts | Evisceration |
| Phylum Platyhelminthes (Examples) | Flatworms |
| Flukes | |
| Tapeworms | |
| Polyp | It is sessile, non moving, phase of Cnidarians. |
| Radial symmetry | a body plan that can be divided into pie shaped sections around a line |
| Describe Characteristics of organisms belonging to Phylum Mollusca (Soft-Bodied) | * 3 part body, gut, foot, mantle |
| * Some sessile | |
| * Some motile | |
| * Very good sense organs | |
| * Some very intelligent squid | |
| Phylum Cnidaria (Examples) | Hydra |
| Coral | |
| Jellyfish | |
| Anemone | |
| Where do flatworms live? | Some live as parasites in the bodies of other animals, and others live in wet environments. |
| What do roundworms look like? | They are cylindrical and have thin bodies with pointed ends. |
| Lancelets are: | filter feeders |
| Phylum Porifera (Examples) | Sponges |
| Nematocysts | Stinging cells on tentacles |
| Name 3 Classes in Phylum Mollusca | C. Bivalve - clams, oysters, scollops |
| C. Gastropoda - snails, slugs | |
| C. Cephalopoda - octopus, squid | |
| Sea stars are primarily | carnivores |
| How do arthropods reproduce? | They reproduce sexually. |
| How do arthropods breathe? | They breathe by gills (aquatic) or by spiracles with tracheal tubes (terrestrial) or by book lungs (terrestrial) |
| Ribbon worms have a unique __________ that is used to capture prey. | proboscis |
| Describe Arthropods' bodies. | They have jointed legs and a body that is divided into sections. |
| What covers echinoderms? | A thin skin. |
| What do flatworms look like? | They have flat bodies, head and a tail. |
| What are the three major groups (classes) of Arthropods? | Insects |
| Chelicerates | |
| Crustaceans | |
| Urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the ____ show(s) the basic chordate characteristics. | larva |
| Deuterostomes are characterized by ____ and ____ cleavage | radial; indeterminate |
| Give 4 examples of echinoderms. | Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber, brittle star. |
| Tunicates are ____ in the phylum ____. | urochordates; Chordata |
| A closed circulatory system is found in the: | Cephalopoda |
| What is one identifying feature of an echinoderm? | They have a five way (penta-radial) symmetry. |
| Echinoderms are unique because: | their larvae are bilaterally symmetrical while the adult is pentaradially symmetrical. |
| The most unique feature of the echinoderms is their: | water vascular system |
| Adult tunicates resemble ____and are ____. | sponges, filter feeders |
| What is the largest group of invertebrate? | Arthropods |
| Members of the class Bivalvia: | have a mantle that may form pearls |
| Tapeworm(s): | bodies consist of hundreds of reproductive segments. |
| All echinoderms are found | in marine habitats. |
| Deuterostomes evolved during the | Proterozoic |
| Give 3 examples of crustaceans. | Shrimp, lobster and crab. |
| How do Echinoderms reproduce? | Sexually or by fragmentation. |
| Class ____ includes mostly extinct species and a few current species such as feather stars and sea lilies. | Crinoidea |
| Clams and oysters are: | filter feeders |
| What are echinoderms skeletons made of? | Hard plates often with spines. |
| One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they: | have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall. |
| Which class of echinoderms has the greatest species diversity? | Ophiuroidea |
| How many segments is the body of arthropods divided into? | 3 - The head, the thorax/cephalothorax and abdomen. |
| Catenulida | Chain worms that reproduce asexually by budding |
| Freshwater habitat | |
| Flatworms | |
| Rhabditophora | All remaining (besides Catenulids) free living and parasitic flatworms |
| Schistosomiasis | infestation with Schistosoma flukes |
| Ectoparasites | Parasites that feed on external surface of host. |
| endoparasite | parasite living on the inside of its host |
| opisthaptor | posterior attachment organ |
| Monogenea | group of parasitic flatworm flukes that have only one host during the life cycle |
| Rotifers | tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil |
| Nemertea | proboscis worms or ribbon worms; lack a true ceolom but they have an alimentary cannal |
| Complete D.S. | |
| Closed circulatory system | |
| Errantia | mobile marine free-living worms |
| Ex. Nereis | |
| Sedentaria | sessile, benthic, tube-dwelling polycheates with specialization of segments |
| Ex. Lumbricus | |
| Gastropoda | snails and slugs |
| Most are herbivorous | |
| Ex. Pulmonate snails, Conus-Cone Snail, venomous | |
| Bivalvia | The class of the phylum Mollusca that includes clams, oysters, and mussels. |
| Ex. Tridacna gigas | |
| Cephalopoda (Mollusca) | These have a muscular foot, a shell created by a mantle, and a visceral mass to contain organs. They can also change color |
| EX: Nautilis, squid, octopus | |
| Ex. Loligo (Common Atlantic Squid) | |
| Giant Squid - Architeuthis dux | |
| Colossal Squid- Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | |
| Ecdysozoans | A major lineage of protostomes (Ecdysozoam) that grow by shedding their external skeletons (molting) and expanding their bodies. Includes arthropods, insects, crustaceans, nematodes, and centipedes. |
| Necator americanus | hookworm; iron deficiency anemia |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | roundworm |
| Enterobis vermiculoris | Pinworm |
| Myriapoda | centipedes and millipedes |
| Pancrustaceans | lobsters and other crustaceans, as well as insects and their relatives |
| Hexapoda | insects |
| Crustaceans | Any of various predominantly aquatic arthropods of the class Crustacea, including lobsters, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles, characteristically having a segmented body, a chitinous exoskeleton, and paired, jointed limbs. |
| Barnacles | Sessile crustaceans that have a shell and are anchored to submerged surfaces. |
| Copepods | any of a group of small crustaceans that are important members of marine and freshwater plankton communities |
| Isopods | A member of one of the largest groups of crustaceans, which includes terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species. Among the terrestrial isopods are the pill bugs, or wood lice. |
| Echinodermata | radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers |
| Asteroidea | sea stars |
| Ex. Asterias- Common Starfish | |
| Papulae | skin gills |
| pentamerous | divided into five parts |
| Autotomy | the ability of an organism to drop a body part and, usually, to regenerate a new one |
| Ophiuroidea | brittle stars |
| Echinoidea | class of sea urchins and sand dollars |
| Lack arms | |
| Radial symmetry | |
| Aristotle Lantern | |
| Crinoidea | sea lilies and feather stars |
| Most are sessile | |
| Holothuroidea | sea cucumbers |
| Deposit feeders | |
| Lack spines | |
| Respiratory tree | |
| Tube feet around mouth | |
| Evisceration | The displacement of organs outside of the body. |
| deposit feeders | swallow organic-rich sediments and other types of deposited material |
| Parazoa | no true tissues (sponges) |
| beside animals | |
| Eumetazoa | animals with true tissues |
| True Coelom is derived from | the mesoderm |
| Pseudocoelomate | false body cavity |
| monophyletic | ALL descendants came from one common ancestor |
| Protosome | an organism who's blastopore forms the mouth (worms, arthopods, and mollusks) |
| Spiral and determinate cleavage | |
| Blastomeres fate determined | |
| Partially developed embryo | |
| Split and form coelom | |
| Deuterostomes | blastopore becomes anus |
| mouth second | |
| radial and indeterminate cleavage | |
| Blastomere fate not determined | |
| Entire embryo | |
| Folds of archenteron form coelom | |
| All animal belong to what? | Metazoa |
| Lophotrochozoa | clade of protostomes that exhibit a trochophore larvae stage or a lophophore feeding structure |
| Cephalization | concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body |
| Gemmules | clusters of amoebocytes encased in protective coats |
| Grantia | Porifera |
| Grantia spicules | Phylum Porifera |
| Commercial bath sponge | |
| Prepared slip of a commercial sponge | |
| Leucosolenia | |
| Aurelia ephyra | |
| Aurelia planula | |
| Aurelia scyphistoma | |
| Aurelia strobila | |
| Hydra budding | In hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site. |
| Obelia hydroid colony | |
| Obelia medusa | |
| Physalia (Portuguese Man of War) | |
| Brown Planaria | |
| Clonorchis sinensis | human liver fluke |
| Fasciola hepatica | sheep liver fluke |
| Rediae and Cercariae | |
| Taenia pisiformis | |
| Nereis | |
| Hirudo verbana | |
| Lumbricus (earthworm) | |
| earthworm dissection | crop, gizzard, aerotic arches (hearts), setae (hairs for movement), ganglia |
| Chiton | |
| Conus shell | |
| mussel dissection | |
| Nautilus shell | |
| Loligo Dissection | |
| Turbatrix aceti (vinegar eel) | |
| Ascaris lumbricoides dissection | |
| Enterobius vermicularis | pinworm |
| Trichinella spiralis | Trichina worm |
| Tarantula diagram | |
| Garden spider | |
| Horseshoe crab | |
| Limulus | |
| Millipede | wormlike animal with two pairs of legs on most of its segments |
| Centipede | wormlike animal with one pair of legs on most of its segments |
| crayfish dissection | |
| Grasshopper dissection | |
| Sea Urchin dissection | |
| sea cucumber dissection | |
| Cynthia (Urochordata) | |
| Molgula (Urochordata) | |
| Branchiostoma | Amphioxus |
| Branchiostoma composite | |
| frog dissection |
Created by:
bonni462