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Biology 2 Practical
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Porifera: | sponges are sessile with porous bodies and choanocytes |
Parts of the sponge include | •Spongocoel = Central cavity of sponge•Osculum= Larger excurrent opening of the spongocoel•Epidermis-Single layer of flattened cells which forms outer surface sponge• |
Porocyte= | Cells which form pores; possess a hollow channel through the center which extends from the outer surface (incurrent pore) to spongocoel.• |
What is the simplest kind of invertebrate? | The sponge. |
Choanocyte= | Collar cell, majority of cells which line the spongocoel; possess a flagellum which is ringed by a collar of fingerlike projections. Flagellar movement moves water and food particles which are trapped on the collar and later phagocytized.• |
Mesohyl = | The gelatinous layer located between the two layers of the sponge body wall (epidermis and choanocytes).• |
Amoebocyte= | Wandering, pseudopod bearing cells in the mesohyl; function in food uptake from choanocytes, food digestion, nutrient distribution to othercells, formation of skeletal fibers, gamete formation• |
Spicule= | Sharp, calcium carbonate or silica structures in the mesohyl which form the skeletal fibers of many sponges |
What is a sponge shaped like? | It is shaped like a sac with an opening at the top. |
Spongin | Flexible proteinaceous skeletal fibers in the mesohyl of some sponges |
The first air-breathing land animals were: | arthropods |
How many layers is a sponge's body made of? | 2 cell layers. |
Where do sponges live? | Sponges live in water, attached to sand or rocks. |
.Sponges possess | extensive regeneration abilities for repair and asexual reproduction. |
Cnidaria: | Cnidarians have radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, and cnidocytes |
The cnidaria contains | hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones and coral animals. |
Some characteristics of cnidarians include | :•Radial symmetry•Diploblastic•Simple, sac-like body |
There are two possible cnidarian body plans | sessile polyp and motile floating medusa. |
Some species of cnidarians exist only as polyps some only as medusae | and others are dimorphic (both polyp and medusa stages in their life cycles). |
What do sponges lack? | They lack Systems so no muscles, no nerves and no organs for digestion or circulation |
Polyp= | Cylindrical form which adheres to the substratum by the aboral end of the body stalk and extends tentacles around the oral end to contact prey Cyanea capillataarctica→ largest, "Lion's Mane Jellyfish" or Arctic Jellyfish. |
Medusa= | Flattened, oral opening faces down, bell-shaped form; moves freely in water by passive drifting and weak bell contractions; tentacles |
Cnidarians are | carnivorous.• |
How is Arthropods body supported? | There body is supported by small needles called 'spicules' made by archeocytes |
Tentacles are armed with stinging cells called | cnidocytes—after which the Cnidaria are named. |
Cnidocytes | Specialized cells of cnidarian epidermis that contain eversible capsule-like organelles, or cnidae, used in defense and capture of prey. |
Nematocysts are | stinging capsules. |
The simplest forms of muscles and nerves occur in | Cnidaria |
What is an osculum? | The internal cavity with an upper hole that water exits the sponge. |
Epidermal and gastro dermal cells have bundles of microfilaments | arranged into contractile fibers. |
What do ribbon worms and flatworms have in common? | They are acoelomates. |
The gastrovascular cavity | when filled with water, acts as a ,hydrostatic skeleton against which the contractile fibers can work to change the animal's shape.• |
A simple nerve net coordinates movement and no | brain is present. Associated with sensory receptors |
The __________ gives rise to muscles, bones, and the circulatory system. | mesoderm |
How do porifera feed? | By choanocytes generating a current with flagella, filtering water and capturing food particles to make a food vacuole. |
The lining of the digestive tube is formed from: | endoderm |
All cnidarians that have a medusa belong to the clade | Medusozoa, including the hydrozoans, scyphozoans (jellyfish) andcubozoans (box jellies). |
.Hydrozoa | Most hydrozoans alternate polyp and medusa forms in the life cycle although the polyp is the dominant stage. Some are colonial (e.g., Obelia, Physalia (Portuguese Man-O-War)), while others are solitary (e.g., Hydra) |
Diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and __________, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and __________. | ctenophores; endoderm |
Hydra is unique in that only the | polyp stage is present. |
How do sponges reproduce? | They can reproduce sexually or asexually (fragmentation or budding) |
Freshwater, polyp only and solitary | Hydra |
Scyphozoa | The planktonic medusa (jellyfish) is the most prominent stage of the life cycle.•Coastal species usually pass through a small polyp stage during the life cycle.•Open ocean species have eliminated the polyp entirely. |
Sponge larvae: | are flagellated and able to swim |
Cubozoa | comprise 20 described species |
The head end of an animal is termed its: | anterior end |
The box jellies have a | spherical shaped with squared off edges, hence their name• |
Where do most molluscs live? | Most live in water, snails and slugs live on land. |
Chironex fleckeri(sea wasp) has been called | the deadliest jellyfish in the world |
Most representatives of the phylum Porifera gain nutrition as: | suspension feeders |
Anthozoa | This group contains sea anemones and coral animals.They only occur as polyps. |
Hox genes have been identified in: | both bilaterally symmetric and radially symmetric animals only |
Coral animals may | be solitary or colonial and secrete external skeletons of calcium carbonate.• |
Within the phylum Cnidaria, corals are most closely related to: | sea anemones |
What do molluscs look like? | They have a soft body and have a mantle that secretes a shell or mucous layer for protection |
Coral is the | rock-like external skeletons. |
In cnidarians, nematocysts are housed in specialized cells called: | cnidocytes |
Ctenophora: combjellies possess rows of | ciliary plates and adhesive colloblasts This clade contains the comb jellies. There are about 100 species, all of which are marine. |
A __________ plane divides the animal body into dorsal and ventral parts. | frontal |
Sea Walnut | aka Comb Jelly Cestum(Venus' Girdle) |
Give some examples of molluscs. | Squids |
Mussels | |
Slugs | |
Oysters | |
Octopus | |
Cuttlefish | |
Nautilus | |
Snails | |
Limpets | |
Among the scyphozoans, the __________ stage is reduced or absent. | polyp |
Although corals can capture prey, they also depend on __________ for nutrition. | a symbiotic relationship with the photosynthetic zooxanthellae |
The presence of a lophophore in all three groups (Bryozoans | brachiopods, phoronids) ,suggested a relationship among these clades, but it is now clear that they are not one another's closest relatives. |
Molluscs have a foot of tentacles. True or False? | True. |
.Ectoprocta (Bryozoans) | This contains the moss animals. There are about 4500 species which are mostly marine and are widespread. |
Which statement best describes a lophophore? | It is a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth |
Ectoprocta are | small, colonial forms.•In most, the colony is enclosed within a hard exoskeleton and the lophophores are extended through pores when feeding.•Some are important reef builders. |
Phoronids | This clade contains about 20 species of tube-dwelling marine worms.•Length from 1 mm to 50 cm•Phoronids live buried in sand in chitinous tubes with the lophophore extended from the tube when feeding. |
The nervous system of many species of flatworms: | is a "ladder-type." |
What clade contains the lamp shells? | Brachiopoda |
-There are approximately 335 extant species, all marine.• More than 30,000 fossil species of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic have been identified. | |
How developed are molluscs' organs? | Highly developed. |
Free-living flatworms belong to the class: | Turbellaria |
The body of a brachiopod is enclosed | by dorsal and ventral shell halves. |
Attach to the substratum by a stalk | |
Sessile | attach |
Spongilla | freshwater sponge, nique adaptations for freshwater |
How is a pseudocoelom different from a coelom? | A coelom is a cavity fully lined by mesoderm. |
Euplectella | Venus flower basket |
How do molluscs breathe? | Through lungs (terrestrial) or gills (aquatic) |
Hermaphrodite (monoecious) | an organism that has both male and female reproductive organs |
Dioecious | separate sexes |
Amphiblastula | Free-swimming larval stage of sponge |
Diploblastic | Having two germ layers. |
What are the parts of the molluscs' body? | The mantle, the visceral mass and the muscular foot that may be modified into tentacles. |
Triploblastic | 3 germ layers |
complete digestive system | animal has mouth and anus; food travels one way |
Metridium | sea anemone |
Hermatypic corals | reef building corals |
bioluminescent | able to emit light |
Plumatella | Freshwater Bryozoan |
Trochophore larvae | Mollusca and Annelida |
Annelids | have a segmented body. |
Critical to polychaete and oligochaete locomotion are: | setae. |
How do cnidarian catch their prey? | By stinging them with stinging tentacles called nematocysts. |
Segmentation is important in annelids as an aid in: | movement. |
Hermaphroditic earthworms reproduce sexually by connecting their bodies by their __________. This allows transfer of __________ from one worm to the other. | clitellum; sperm |
Animals with a crown of cilia that look like a spinning wheel are the: | rotifers |
__________ are parasites that infect humans and, as adults, reside in the small intestines of the host. | Ascarid worms |
One of the disadvantages of exoskeletons in arthropods is that: | they must be shed when the animal grows. |
The __________ are very common arthropod Paleozoic fossils, and are extinct today. | trilobites |
An elongate uniramid with many legs as well as poison claws is called: | a centipede |
An arthropod with chelicerae, pedipalps, and silk glands would be: | a spider |
Cnidarians have 2 body forms. What are they? | Swimming medusa (umbrella shaped, floating freely) and sessile polyps (a bag shape fixed to the ground) |
As adults, __________ are sessile crustaceans | barnacles |
Which of the following arthropod groups is almost exclusively aquatic in habitat? | Crustacea |
What do cnidarian mouths have? | Tentacles with stinging cells and a gastrovascular cavity. |
What are animals that feed on things in the bottom of the ocean floor | Deposit Feeders. ex Sea Cucumbers |
Sea cucumbers will ____ when environmental conditions deteriorate. | eject their digestive tract, respiratory structures, and gonads |
Describe Characteristics of organisms belonging to Phylum Annelida (Annulus - Segmented) | * 3 cell layer |
* Segmented tubular body | |
Hermaphroditic | |
Closed Circulatory system | |
Five pairs of hearts | |
Earthworm very few bristles | |
Bristle - many bristles | |
Leech - no bristles | |
Bilateral symmetry | a body plan in which a single imaginary line can divide the body into left and right sides that are mirror images of each other |
Give examples of roundworms. | Hookworms and Ascaris. |
How many layers do the bodies of annelids have? | Bodies have 3 layers and are divided into segments. |
Give examples of annelids. | Earthworms, Leeches and Marine worms. |
Medusa | A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles that reproduces sexually. |
Describe Characteristics of organisms belonging to Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) | * 3 cell layers: endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm |
* Some free living | |
* Some parasitic | |
Bilateral symmetry | |
What is another name for Flatworms? | Platyhelminthes. |
Give another name for roundworms. | Nematodes. |
Phylum Porifera (characteristics) | * Sessile |
* Filter feeders | |
* Two Speciallized types of cells | |
* Cells able to re-organize if cut apart | |
What are annelids? | Segmented worms. |
Phylum Cnidaria (Characteristics) | * 2 cell layers thick |
* Stinging cells, nematocysts | |
* 2 Body Types | |
Polyp - sessile | |
Medusa - motile | |
Give 3 examples of flatworms. | tapeworms, flukes and planarians. |
Where do annelids live? | They only live on land and don't live inside an animals body. |
Phylum Annelida (Examples) | Leeches |
Earthworms | |
Marine - Bristle worms | |
What is an annelid nervous system like? | It is a simple nervous system. |
Sea stars eat: | mostly crustaceans and mollusks. |
Phylum Nematoda (Examples) | Roundworms - Ascaris, Filaria, Trichina |
Asymmetrical | a body plan that is Irregular in shape |
Describe Characteristics of organisms belonging to Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms) | * Mouth to Anus, open Digestive System |
* 3 cell layers | |
* some free living | |
* Some parasitic | |
Can throw up their guts | Evisceration |
Phylum Platyhelminthes (Examples) | Flatworms |
Flukes | |
Tapeworms | |
Polyp | It is sessile, non moving, phase of Cnidarians. |
Radial symmetry | a body plan that can be divided into pie shaped sections around a line |
Describe Characteristics of organisms belonging to Phylum Mollusca (Soft-Bodied) | * 3 part body, gut, foot, mantle |
* Some sessile | |
* Some motile | |
* Very good sense organs | |
* Some very intelligent squid | |
Phylum Cnidaria (Examples) | Hydra |
Coral | |
Jellyfish | |
Anemone | |
Where do flatworms live? | Some live as parasites in the bodies of other animals, and others live in wet environments. |
What do roundworms look like? | They are cylindrical and have thin bodies with pointed ends. |
Lancelets are: | filter feeders |
Phylum Porifera (Examples) | Sponges |
Nematocysts | Stinging cells on tentacles |
Name 3 Classes in Phylum Mollusca | C. Bivalve - clams, oysters, scollops |
C. Gastropoda - snails, slugs | |
C. Cephalopoda - octopus, squid | |
Sea stars are primarily | carnivores |
How do arthropods reproduce? | They reproduce sexually. |
How do arthropods breathe? | They breathe by gills (aquatic) or by spiracles with tracheal tubes (terrestrial) or by book lungs (terrestrial) |
Ribbon worms have a unique __________ that is used to capture prey. | proboscis |
Describe Arthropods' bodies. | They have jointed legs and a body that is divided into sections. |
What covers echinoderms? | A thin skin. |
What do flatworms look like? | They have flat bodies, head and a tail. |
What are the three major groups (classes) of Arthropods? | Insects |
Chelicerates | |
Crustaceans | |
Urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the ____ show(s) the basic chordate characteristics. | larva |
Deuterostomes are characterized by ____ and ____ cleavage | radial; indeterminate |
Give 4 examples of echinoderms. | Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber, brittle star. |
Tunicates are ____ in the phylum ____. | urochordates; Chordata |
A closed circulatory system is found in the: | Cephalopoda |
What is one identifying feature of an echinoderm? | They have a five way (penta-radial) symmetry. |
Echinoderms are unique because: | their larvae are bilaterally symmetrical while the adult is pentaradially symmetrical. |
The most unique feature of the echinoderms is their: | water vascular system |
Adult tunicates resemble ____and are ____. | sponges, filter feeders |
What is the largest group of invertebrate? | Arthropods |
Members of the class Bivalvia: | have a mantle that may form pearls |
Tapeworm(s): | bodies consist of hundreds of reproductive segments. |
All echinoderms are found | in marine habitats. |
Deuterostomes evolved during the | Proterozoic |
Give 3 examples of crustaceans. | Shrimp, lobster and crab. |
How do Echinoderms reproduce? | Sexually or by fragmentation. |
Class ____ includes mostly extinct species and a few current species such as feather stars and sea lilies. | Crinoidea |
Clams and oysters are: | filter feeders |
What are echinoderms skeletons made of? | Hard plates often with spines. |
One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they: | have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall. |
Which class of echinoderms has the greatest species diversity? | Ophiuroidea |
How many segments is the body of arthropods divided into? | 3 - The head, the thorax/cephalothorax and abdomen. |
Catenulida | Chain worms that reproduce asexually by budding |
Freshwater habitat | |
Flatworms | |
Rhabditophora | All remaining (besides Catenulids) free living and parasitic flatworms |
Schistosomiasis | infestation with Schistosoma flukes |
Ectoparasites | Parasites that feed on external surface of host. |
endoparasite | parasite living on the inside of its host |
opisthaptor | posterior attachment organ |
Monogenea | group of parasitic flatworm flukes that have only one host during the life cycle |
Rotifers | tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil |
Nemertea | proboscis worms or ribbon worms; lack a true ceolom but they have an alimentary cannal |
Complete D.S. | |
Closed circulatory system | |
Errantia | mobile marine free-living worms |
Ex. Nereis | |
Sedentaria | sessile, benthic, tube-dwelling polycheates with specialization of segments |
Ex. Lumbricus | |
Gastropoda | snails and slugs |
Most are herbivorous | |
Ex. Pulmonate snails, Conus-Cone Snail, venomous | |
Bivalvia | The class of the phylum Mollusca that includes clams, oysters, and mussels. |
Ex. Tridacna gigas | |
Cephalopoda (Mollusca) | These have a muscular foot, a shell created by a mantle, and a visceral mass to contain organs. They can also change color |
EX: Nautilis, squid, octopus | |
Ex. Loligo (Common Atlantic Squid) | |
Giant Squid - Architeuthis dux | |
Colossal Squid- Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | |
Ecdysozoans | A major lineage of protostomes (Ecdysozoam) that grow by shedding their external skeletons (molting) and expanding their bodies. Includes arthropods, insects, crustaceans, nematodes, and centipedes. |
Necator americanus | hookworm; iron deficiency anemia |
Ascaris lumbricoides | roundworm |
Enterobis vermiculoris | Pinworm |
Myriapoda | centipedes and millipedes |
Pancrustaceans | lobsters and other crustaceans, as well as insects and their relatives |
Hexapoda | insects |
Crustaceans | Any of various predominantly aquatic arthropods of the class Crustacea, including lobsters, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles, characteristically having a segmented body, a chitinous exoskeleton, and paired, jointed limbs. |
Barnacles | Sessile crustaceans that have a shell and are anchored to submerged surfaces. |
Copepods | any of a group of small crustaceans that are important members of marine and freshwater plankton communities |
Isopods | A member of one of the largest groups of crustaceans, which includes terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species. Among the terrestrial isopods are the pill bugs, or wood lice. |
Echinodermata | radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers |
Asteroidea | sea stars |
Ex. Asterias- Common Starfish | |
Papulae | skin gills |
pentamerous | divided into five parts |
Autotomy | the ability of an organism to drop a body part and, usually, to regenerate a new one |
Ophiuroidea | brittle stars |
Echinoidea | class of sea urchins and sand dollars |
Lack arms | |
Radial symmetry | |
Aristotle Lantern | |
Crinoidea | sea lilies and feather stars |
Most are sessile | |
Holothuroidea | sea cucumbers |
Deposit feeders | |
Lack spines | |
Respiratory tree | |
Tube feet around mouth | |
Evisceration | The displacement of organs outside of the body. |
deposit feeders | swallow organic-rich sediments and other types of deposited material |
Parazoa | no true tissues (sponges) |
beside animals | |
Eumetazoa | animals with true tissues |
True Coelom is derived from | the mesoderm |
Pseudocoelomate | false body cavity |
monophyletic | ALL descendants came from one common ancestor |
Protosome | an organism who's blastopore forms the mouth (worms, arthopods, and mollusks) |
Spiral and determinate cleavage | |
Blastomeres fate determined | |
Partially developed embryo | |
Split and form coelom | |
Deuterostomes | blastopore becomes anus |
mouth second | |
radial and indeterminate cleavage | |
Blastomere fate not determined | |
Entire embryo | |
Folds of archenteron form coelom | |
All animal belong to what? | Metazoa |
Lophotrochozoa | clade of protostomes that exhibit a trochophore larvae stage or a lophophore feeding structure |
Cephalization | concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body |
Gemmules | clusters of amoebocytes encased in protective coats |
Grantia | Porifera |
Grantia spicules | Phylum Porifera |
Commercial bath sponge | |
Prepared slip of a commercial sponge | |
Leucosolenia | |
Aurelia ephyra | |
Aurelia planula | |
Aurelia scyphistoma | |
Aurelia strobila | |
Hydra budding | In hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site. |
Obelia hydroid colony | |
Obelia medusa | |
Physalia (Portuguese Man of War) | |
Brown Planaria | |
Clonorchis sinensis | human liver fluke |
Fasciola hepatica | sheep liver fluke |
Rediae and Cercariae | |
Taenia pisiformis | |
Nereis | |
Hirudo verbana | |
Lumbricus (earthworm) | |
earthworm dissection | crop, gizzard, aerotic arches (hearts), setae (hairs for movement), ganglia |
Chiton | |
Conus shell | |
mussel dissection | |
Nautilus shell | |
Loligo Dissection | |
Turbatrix aceti (vinegar eel) | |
Ascaris lumbricoides dissection | |
Enterobius vermicularis | pinworm |
Trichinella spiralis | Trichina worm |
Tarantula diagram | |
Garden spider | |
Horseshoe crab | |
Limulus | |
Millipede | wormlike animal with two pairs of legs on most of its segments |
Centipede | wormlike animal with one pair of legs on most of its segments |
crayfish dissection | |
Grasshopper dissection | |
Sea Urchin dissection | |
sea cucumber dissection | |
Cynthia (Urochordata) | |
Molgula (Urochordata) | |
Branchiostoma | Amphioxus |
Branchiostoma composite | |
frog dissection |