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Apologia Module #7
Apologia Exploring Creation 2nd Edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fossil | The preserved remains of a once-living organism |
| Petrifaction | The conversion of organic material into rock |
| Resin | A thick, slowly flowing liquid produced by plants that can harden into a solid |
| Extinct | A term applied to a species that was once living but now is not |
| What is the most likely thing that will happen to the remains of a dead plant or animal? | They will decompose. Fossilization is a rare exception to this general rule. |
| What happens first? A cast forms or fossil mold forms? | A fossil mold forms first. |
| Explain how a mold is made? | The remains of a plant or animal are encased in sediment, and the sediment eventually hardens into rock. As the remains of the plant or animal disintegrate, a hole is left in the rock, in the shape of the original remains. That is the mold. |
| What is a cast? | When a mold fills up with sediment or magma and then hardens, it makes a cast of the once living organism. |
| Petrifaction requires what? | Water that has a lot of minerals in it. |
| Why do petrified fossils have more information than fossil casts? | When a fossil is petrified, its components are replaced with minerals. This means the entire fossil is preserved, which gives us more information than just the shape and outer details of the fossil, as in casts. |
| What has tissue that is ideally suited for the carbonization process, so they are most likely organisms to be fossilized in that way? | What is plants. |
| Fossils encased in amber or ice decompose slower or quicker than other fossils? | Slower, thus tissue and other soft parts tend to be preserved. |
| Name feature #1 of the fossil record... | Fossils are usually found in sedimentary rock. Since most sedimentary rock is laid down by water, it follows that most fossils were laid down by water. |
| Name feature #2 of the fossil record... | The vast majority of the fossil record is made up of hard-shelled creatures like clams. Most of the remaining fossils are of either water-dwelling creatures or insects. A tiny fraction of the fossils we find are plants, reptiles, birds, and mammals. |
| Name feature #3 of the fossil record... | Many of the fossils we find are of organisms that are still alive today. Many of the fossils we find are of organisms that are now extinct. |
| Name feature #4 of the fossil record... | The fossils found in one layer of stratified rock can be considerably different from the fossils found in another layer of stratified rock. |
| Describe carbonized remains | Come as a result of the organism being squished. They give you a nice two-dimensional view of the organism, but you learn little about its thickness. |
| What fossils mostly makes up the fossil record? | Clams and other hard-shelled animals. |
| How many species have gone extinct in the last 400 years? | 1,000, contrary to the 10,000 species that environmentalists claim go extinct every year. |
| Describe a trilobite | A creature that lived in the water and was covered in a hard outer covering. Typically, trilobites lived at the bottom of the ocean. They are now considered to be extinct. |
| Describe a placoderm | It is a kind of fish, much like we see today, but its head was covered in hard plates rather than scales. Considered to be extinct. |
| According to Uniformitarians, how are sediments layed down, what do conditions have to do with this process, and how long does this process take? | Sediments are laid down slowly over millions of years. Eventually, conditions change and the sediments harden to form rocks. The conditions during which the sediments were laid down determine the type of sediment, thus determining the type of rock. |
| According to Catastrophists, how are sedimentary rocks formed? What did conditions have to do with this process, and how long did the process take? | They were formed in the worldwide flood. The depth, speed, and direction of the flood waters determined what type of sediments were laid down, which in turn determined the kind of rock formed. |
| According to Uniformitarians, how do they view each layer of rock and the fossils found in them? | Each layer of rock represents a period of earth's history. Thus, the different fossils found in different layers result from the fact that different plants and animals existed at different times in any given region. |
| According to Catastrophists, how do they view each layer of rock and the fossils found in them? | The different fossils in different layers are the result of the fact that different kinds of organisms were trapped and preserved during different stages of the flood. |
| What major speculation must Uniformitarians make when studying geology? | How millions of years of time affect the processes we see working today. At best, we have viewed how these processes work over a few thousand years. The effect that millions of years will have on the processes can only be speculated. |
| What major speculation must Catastrophists make when studying geology? | The nature of the worldwide flood. The speculation is aided by the observation of local catastrophes. Nevertheless, the worldwide flood would have been much different from a local catastrophe, so the details of the Flood can only be speculated. |
Created by:
CMuny
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