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musculo
Bones, muscles, tendons, cartilage
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Osteoblasts | Cells that form bone |
| Osteocytes | Cells that maintain bone matrix |
| Osteoclasts | Cells that resorb bone |
| Bone matrix | The extracellular element of bone tissue; it consists of collagen fibers, minerals (primarily calcium and phosphate),proteins,carbohydrates, and ground substance. |
| Ground substance | A gelatinous material that facilitates diffusion of nutrients, wastes, and gases between the blood vessels and bone tissue. |
| Bones are covered with? | Periosteum,a double-layered connective tissue. The outer layer of the periosteum contains blood vessels and nerves; the inner layer is anchored to the bone. |
| Bones consist of? | A rigid connective tissue called osseous tissue, of which there are two types: Compact bone is smooth and dense; spongy bone contains spaces between meshworks of bone. Both types contain the same elements and are found in almost all bones of the body. |
| The Haversian system (also called an osteon): | Consists of a central canal, called the Haversian canal; concentric layers of bone matrix, called lamellae; spaces between the lamellae, called lacunae; osteocytes within the lacunae; and small channels, called canaliculi |
| Spongy bone has no Haversian systems. True or False? | True:Instead,the lamellae are arranged in concentric layers called trabeculae that branch and join to form meshworks. |
| The spongy sections of long bones and flat bones contain tissue for? | Hematopoiesis. In the adult, these sections, called red marrow cavities, are present. in the spongy center of flat bones (especially the sternum) and in 2 long bones: the humerus and head of the femur. This red marrow is active in hematopoiesis in adult |
| Bones are classified by? | Shape |
| Bones that are longer than they are wide are? | Long bones. They have a midportion,or shaft, called a diaphysis and two broad ends,called epiphyses. Long bones include the bones of the arms, legs, fingers, and toes. |
| The diaphysis consists of? | Compact bone and contains the marrow cavity, which is lined with endosteum. |
| The epiphysis consists of? | Spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone. |
| Short bones are? | Spongy bone covered by compact bone. They include the bones of the wrist and ankle. Also called cuboid bones. |
| Flat bones are? | Thin and flat, and most are curved. Their disk-like structure consists of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone. Flat bones include most bones of the skull, the sternum, and the ribs. |
| Irregular bones are? | Various shapes and sizes and, like flat bones, are plates of compact bone with spongy bone between. Irregular bones include the vertebrae, the scapulae,and the bones of the pelvic girdle. |
| Wolff’s law | States that bone develops and remodels itself to resist the stresses placed on it. |
| In the bone remodeling process, bone resorption and bone deposit occur at all_____ and _____ surfaces. | Periosteal & Endosteal |
| Bone resorption and bone deposit are regulated by? | Hormones and forces that put stress on the bones, which involves a combined action of the osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts. |
| Bones that are in use, and are therefore subjected to stress, increase their osteoblastic activity to increase: | Ossification (the development of bone). |
| Bones that are inactive undergo: | Increased osteoclast activity and bone resorption. |
| The hormonal stimulus for bone remodeling is controlled by: | A negative feedback mechanism that regulates blood calcium levels. This stimulus involves the interaction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands and calcitonin from the thyroid gland. |
| When blood levels of calcium decrease, PTH is released; PTH then stimulates: | Osteoclast activity and bone resorption so that calcium is released from the bone matrix. As a result, blood levels of calcium rise, and the stimulus for PTH release ends. |
| Rising blood calcium levels stimulate: | The secretion of calcitonin, inhibit bone resorption, and cause the deposit of calcium salts in the bone matrix. Thus, bones are necessary to regulate blood calcium levels. |
| Calcium ions are necessary for: | The transmission of nerve impulses, the release of neurotransmitters, muscle contraction, blood clotting, glandular secretion, and cell division. |
| Of the body’s 1200 to 1400 g of calcium, over 99% is present as: | Bone minerals. |
| The three types of muscle tissue in the body are: | Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. |
| Skeletal muscle is the only muscle that allows: | Musculoskeletal function. |
| What is the function of skeletal muscles? | Skeletal muscles attach to and cover the bones of the skeleton and promote body movement, help maintain posture, and produce body heat. They may be moved by conscious, voluntary control or by reflex activity. |
| The body has approximately __ skeletal muscles? | 600 |
| Skeletal muscles consist of: | Thick bundles of parallel multinucleated contractile cells called fibers. |
| Each single muscle fiber is itself a bundle of smaller structures called: | Myofibrils |
| What gives skeletal muscle its striated (striped) appearance under an electron microscope? | The myofibrils; because they have alternating light and dark bands. |
| Myofibrils are: | Strands of smaller, repeating units called sarcomeres, which consist of thick filaments of myosin and thin filaments of actin, proteins that contribute to muscle contraction. |
| Typical functional properties of skeletal muscle cells: | Excitability, Contractibility, Extensibility,& Elasticity |
| Excitability: | The ability of a muscle to receive and respond to a stimulus. The stimulus is usually a neurotransmitter released by a neuron, and the response is the generation and transmission of an action potential along the plasma membrane of the muscle cell. |
| Contractibility: | The ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus by forcibly shortening. |
| Extensibility: | The ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus by extending and relaxing; muscle fibers shorten when they contract and extend when they relax. |
| Elasticity: | The ability of a muscle to resume its resting length after it has shortened or lengthened. |
| Skeletal Muscle | Striated, voluntary muscle (can consciously move). Biceps, triceps, deltoid, gluteus maximus |
| Smooth Muscle | Nonstriated, involuntary muscle (cannot consciously move) Muscles in the walls of the bladder, stomach, and bronchi |
| Cardiac muscle | Striated, involuntary muscle. Heart muscle |
| Skeletal muscle movement is triggered when motor neurons release ____. | acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that crosses the neuromuscular junction and alters the permeability of the muscle fiber. |
| What happens when acetylcholine is released? | Sodium ions enter the fiber, producing an action potential that causes muscle contraction. The more fibers that contract,the stronger the contraction of the entire muscle. |
| Prolonged strenuous activity results in _______. | Continuous nerve impulses and eventually a buildup of lactic acid and reduced energy in the muscle, or muscle fatigue. |
| Joints(articulations) are: | Regions where two or more bones meet. Joints hold the bones of the skeleton together while allowing regions where two or more bones meet. Joints hold the bones of the skeleton together while allowing the body to move. |
| Joints may be classified by either _____ or ____. | Function or structure. |
| Functional Classification of Joints; Synarthrosis | Immovable joint(Skull sutures, Epiphyseal plates,joint between first rib and manubrium of sternum) |
| Functional Classification of Joints; Amphiarthrosis | Slightly movable joint(Vertebral joints, joint of the public symphysis). |
| Functional Classification of Joints; Diarthrosis | Freely movable joint(Joints of the limbs, shoulder joints, hip joints). |
| Fibrous Joints(structural) | Fibrous joints permit little or no movement since articulating bones are joined by short connective tissue fibers that bind the bones together,(skull)or by short cords of fibrous tissue called ligaments, which permit slight give but no true movement. |
| Cartilaginous Joints(structural) | a)Immobile: Are composed of hyaline cartilage growths that fuse together the articulating bone ends(e.g.sternocostal joints). b)Flexibile: The hyaline cartilage fuses to an intervening plate of flexible fibrocartilage(e.g.the vertebral column). |
| Synovial Joints(structural) | Bones in synovial joints are enclosed by a cavity that is filled with synovial fluid, a filtrate of blood plasma. Synovial joints are freely movable, allowing many kinds of movements and are found at all articulations of the limbs. |
| Bursae | Small sacs of synovial fluid that cushion and protect bony areas that are at high risk for friction, such as the knee and the shoulder. Tendon sheaths are a form of bursae, but they are wrapped around tendons in high-friction areas. |
| Characteristics of synovial joints(1): | ■ The articular surfaces are covered with articular cartilage. |
| Characteristics of synovial joints(2): | ■The joint cavity is enclosed by a tough, fibrous, double-layered articular capsule; internally, the cavity is lined with a synovial membrane that covers all surfaces not covered by the articular cartilage. |
| Characteristics of synovial joints(3): | ■ Synovial fluid fills the free spaces of the joint capsule, enhancing the smooth movement of the articulating bones. |
| Abduction | Move limb away from body midline |
| Adduction | Move limb toward body midline |
| Extension | Straighten limbs at joint |
| Flexion | Bend limbs at joint |
| Dorsiflexion | Bend ankle to bring top of foot toward shin |
| Plantar flexion | Straighten ankle to point toes down |
| Pronation | Turn forearm to place palm down |
| Supination | Turn forearm to place palm up |
| Eversion | Turn out |
| Inversion | Turn in |
| Circumduction | Move in circle |
| Internal rotation | Move inward on a central axis |
| External rotation | Move outward on a central axis |
| Protraction | Move forward and parallel to ground |
| Retraction | Move backward and parallel to ground |
Created by:
sholley
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