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Semester Test
Mr. Rhyne - Study Guide for Semester Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A mineral's streak ? | This is more reliable than color in identifying a mineral |
| What is used to describe a mineral's luster? | Pearly, waxy, dull |
| What is a special property of only a few minerals? | Magnetism |
| What physical property of minerals can be expressed in numbers? | Hardness |
| If the atoms of a substance are arranged in a specific, repetitive pattern, what is the substance? | Crystalline |
| Nonsilicate minerals | Include native minerals |
| In addition to reclamation, what is a good way to reduce the environmental effects of mining? | Recycling materials |
| The color of the powder that a mineral leaves on a piece of white, unglazed porcelain is called the mineral's ________. | Streak |
| What are rocks made of? | Minerals |
| What mineral is a compound of sodium and chlorine? | Halite |
| What are minerals that are valued for their beauty rather than their usefulness called? | Gems |
| What is another name for mineral crystals that are attractive and rare? | Gems |
| What are minerals that are hard enough to be cut and polished called? | Gems |
| What are 3 factors involved in the formation of minerals? | Heat, volcanic activity and presence of ground water |
| The repeating inner structure of a mineral is often reflected in the ____ of the crystal | Shape |
| What type of element is gold? | A native element |
| What is the most common classification of minerals based on? | Chemical composition |
| What are the 2 most common elements in the Earth's crust? | Oxygen and silicon |
| What do gem cutters take advantage of to remove flaws from diamonds and rubies? | Natural cleavages |
| Because ____ has a density of 1 g/cm3, it is used as a reference point for other substances. | Water |
| What type of minerals can be detected with a Geiger counter? | Minerals that contain radium |
| Glows under ultraviolet light, effervesces when a weak acid is placed on it, causes a double image when a thin, clear piece is placed over an image. | Characteristics of calcite |
| Name 3 types of surface mines. | Open pit, strip mine, quarry |
| Are mineral ores renewable or nonrenewable resources? | Nonrenewable resources |
| Gold classified as 18-karat is 18 parts gold and 6 parts another, similar metal. What is the percentage of pure gold in 18-karat gold? | 75 percent |
| What type of mining is used to mine for diamonds? | Deep mining |
| When saltwater is evaporated, what is left behind? | Minerals such as gypsum and halite. |
| What is a type of rock that forms deep within the Earth when magma solidifies called? | Igneous |
| What is a type of rock that forms under high temperature and pressure but is not exposed to enough heat to melt the rock called? | Metamorphic |
| After they are deposited, by what process does sediments, such as sand, turn into sedimentary rock? | Compacted and cemented |
| How is an igneous rock with a coarse-grained texture formed? | Magma cools very slowly |
| An example of a classic sedimentary rock? | Sandstone |
| What is a common sedimentary rock structure? | Cross-bedding |
| When does chemical sedimentary rock form? | Minerals crystallize from a solution |
| What does weathering cause? | The breakdown of rock |
| Which type of rock cooled very slowly? | Coarse-grained granite |
| What is used for creating some scalpels today? | Obsidian |
| Is most volcanic rock intrusive or extrusive? | Intrusive |
| What is the correct order of steps in a sedimentary rock cycle? | Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction and cementation |
| Where does chemical limestone form? | On the ocean floor |
| What are the shells or skeletons of organisms that form fossiliferous limestone composed of? | Calcium carbonate |
| Fossils are the remains or traces of plants and animals that have been preserved in what type of rock? | Sedimentary |
| In what ways does strata differ from one another? | Kind of sediment they are composed of, color and size of sediment |
| What are slanted strata called? | Cross-beds |
| What types of rock can change into metamorphic rock? | All 3 types of rock |
| At depths greater than 16 km below the Earth's surface, the pressure can be more than 4,000 times the pressure of the atmosphere. What can this cause? | Metamorphism |
| At temperatures higher than 1,000ºC, what can happen to most rocks? | Melt |
| Where does contact metamorphism occur? | Next to magma? |
| Under increased pressure and heat, the minerals calcite, quartz, and hematite combine and recrystallize to form the mineral garnet. TWhat is this is an example of? | Metamorphism |
| What characteristic of metamorphic rock can be foliated or nonfoliated? | Texture |
| When does marble form? | When limestone is metamorphosed |
| What is used to classify metamorphic rock? | Foliated or nonfoliated |
| What is the most abundant gas in the air that we breathe? | Nitrogen |
| What is the major source of oxygen for the Earth's atmosphere? | Plants |
| What is the bottom layer of the atmosphere, where almost all weather occurs called? | Troposphere |
| Where is the ozone layer located? | In the stratosphere |
| How does most thermal energy in the atmosphere move? | Convection |
| What is the balance between incoming radiation and outgoing heat energy called? | Radiation balance |
| Which prevailing wind belt is most of the U.S. located in? | Westerlies |
| Why does wind occur? | Air tends to move from regions of higher to lower pressure |
| What does the ionosphere reflect | Certain radio waves |
| How is the air at the equator different than the air at the poles? | Compared to the poles, the air at the equator is warmer and less dense, creating an area of low pressure as it rises |
| In both hemispheres, what are the winds that blow from 30º latitude to the equator called? | Trade winds |
| What are th narrow belts of high-speed winds that blow in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere known as? | Jet streams |
| What happens to the cold air at the poles? | The air sinks |
| If air over the water is cooler, what type of pressure is created? | An area of high pressure is created |
| During the day, when warm air from a valley moves upslope, what type of breeze is create? | Valley breeze |
| When automobile exhaust reacts with air and sunlight, what is formed? | Ozone |
| Fuel burning vehicles produce what percent of the carbon monoxide in the U.S.? | 70 percent |
| Power plants release what percent of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere? | 96 percent |
| What form is the energy the Earth receives from the sun in? | Radiation |
| What form does water vapor in the atmosphere take? | Gas |
| What substances allows solar energy to pass through it but traps heat? | Glass |
| Where are the doldrums? | At 0º latitude |
| The uneven heating of the Earth produces pressure belts about every ____ on the Earth (fill in the blank) | 30º of latitude |
| What is the process of liquid water changing into a gas called? | Evaporation |
| What is the relative humidity of air at its dew-point temperature? | 100% |
| What are high clouds made of ice crystals called? | Cirrus clouds |
| What are large thunderhead clouds that produce precipitation called? | Cumulonimbus clouds |
| What can strong updrafts within a thunderhead produce? | Hail |
| What type of air does a maritime, tropical air mass contain? | Warm, wet air |
| What is a front that forms when a warm air mass is trapped between cold air masses and forced to rise called? | Occluded front |
| What is a severe storm that forms as a rapidly rotating funnel cloud called? | Tornado |
| What are the lines on a weather map connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure called? | Isobars |
| What tool should be used to measure air pressure most accurately? | A mercury barometer |
| What occurs when rain, snow, sleet, or hail falls from the clouds onto the Earth's surface? | Precipitation |
| What occurs when water vapor cools and changes back into liquid droplets? | Condensation |
| What is the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through their leaves? | Transpiration |
| What is the amount of moisture the air contains compared with the maximum amount it can hold at a particular temperature? | Relative humidity |
| Suppose that 1 m3 of air at a certain temperature can hold 30 g of water vapor. However, you know that the air actually contains 15 g of water vapor. What is the relative humidity? | 50% |
| Before condensation can occur, what must the relative humidity be? | 100% |
| What are puffy, white clouds that tend to have flat bottoms called? | Cumulus clouds |
| What are clouds that form in layers called? | Stratus clouds |
| What type of air mass forms over the North Pacific Ocean and affects the Pacific Coast? | maritime polar (mP) |
| What occurs when a cold air mass meets and displaces a warm air mass? | A cold front |
| What does the tilt of the Earth as it orbits around the Sun cause? | Different seasons |
| What factor determines the amount of solar energy an area receives? | Latitude |
| What biome contains the greatest number of plant and animal species? | Rain forest |
| Of the 3 following factors, which is thought to contribute to global warming: wind patterns, deforestation, microclimates | Deforestation |
| Wind will generally carry the most moisture when it comes from what areas? | Warm tropical seas |
| What human activity is thought to be most responsible for global warming? | Burning fossil fuels for transportation |
| At the equator, how does the sun's rays strike the surface of the Earth? | At an 90º angle concentrating the amount of solar energy onto a small area |
| The polar regions receive almost 24 hours of daylight during which season? | Summer |
| During our winter months, what type of days and weather does the Southern Hemisphere have? | Longer days and higher temperatures |
| Iceland and Greenland are both countries just below the Arctic Circle. Why does Iceland have a warmer climate than Greenland? | Surface currents |
| What are climate zones determined by? | Temperature ranges |
| What is the effect of glacial periods on sea levels and why? | Large amounts of ocean water can freeze and the sea levels can drop |
| How do volcanic eruptions, specifically the worldwide spread of volcanic ash during an eruption, affect global climate? | Volcanic ash reflects the sun's rays causing cooler temperatures. |
| Which gas is thought to contribute to global warming? | Carbon dioxide |
| In Africa, the Sahara desert is near the west coast of the continent. Why, when it is so near to the ocean, does it NOT receive much precipitation? | Prevailing winds flow from east to west. |
| What happens as air is forced over a mountain? | It cools and releases moisture |
| What happens after air crosses a mountain? | It sinks and warms, absorbing moisture |
| Which biome makes up most of Canada? | Taiga |
| The world's grasslands once covered about 42 percent of Earth's total land surface. Today, they occupy only about 12 percent. What percentage of Earth's grasslands do we have left? | 29% |
| What do plants use to make food? | Carbon dioxide |
| Where is a point whose latitude is 0º located? | The Equator |
| What is the distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian? | Longitude |
| Where does the needle of a magnetic compass point? | Magnetic North Pole |
| The most common map projections are based on what three geometric shapes? | Cone, plane, cylinder |
| Where is a Mercator projection distorted? | The poles |
| What is the relationship between the distance on a map and the actual distance on the Earth called? | Scale |
| What is the latitude of the North Pole? | 90º north |
| What do widely spaced contour lines on a map indicate? | A gentle slope |
| What is the definition of elevation? | The height of an object above sea level |
| What are latitude and longitude measured in? | Degrees |
| What is a contour interval? | The difference in elevation between one contour line and the next contour line |
| What are the cardinal directions? | North, south, east and west |
| Why is the geographic North Pole called true north? | Because it never changes |
| What is the distance north and south of the Equator, measured in degrees? | Latitude |
| What is found at 0° longitude? | The Prime Meridian |
| Which imaginery line completely encircles the globe: the Prime Meridian or the Equator? | The Equator |
Created by:
ecrumrin
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