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Geo Exam 2
Geo Exam 2 (W5-W9)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| W8. Who proposed the southern supercontinent Gondwana? | Edward Suess |
| W8. What was the fossil evidence that supported the idea of a southern supercontinent? | Land Plant Fossils |
| W8. Who came up with the theory of continental drift? What is the name of the supercontinent they proposed? | Alfred Wegener Pangea |
| W8. What four lines of evidence were used to support the continental drift theory? | Plant & Animal Fossils Glacial Evidence Sediment deposits Groves in Bedrock |
| W8. What was the main problem with continental drift theory? | No know driving force |
| W8. Where have fossils of Mesosaurus been found? How does the location of this reptile’s fossils support the idea of continental drift? | South America & Africa Could not have crossed the Atlantic |
| W8. What is paleomagnetism? | The record of changes in Earth's magnetic field as preserved in rocks |
| W8. What produces the Earth’s magnetic field? | Circulation of Earth's liquid outer core |
| W8. How does the Earth’s magnetic field look during periods of normal and reversed polarity? | Normal- South to North Reverse- North to South |
| W9. What is the Curie point for basalt? | 580 degrees |
| W9. What happens to magnetite crystals in basaltic magma when the magma cools past the Curie point? | Magnetite crystals line up with Earth magnetic field |
| W9. What is the chemical formula for magnetite? What group of minerals does it belong to? | Fe304 (Iron Oxide) |
| W9. How do magnetic anomalies look on either side of a mid-ocean ridge? | Symmetrical on both sides of a mid-ocean ridge (Rocks get older with distance from ridge) |
| W9. How old is the oldest seafloor rock? | 160 million years old |
| W9. What is the brittle outermost layer of the Earth called? | Lithosphere- Crust upper mantel |
| W9. What are the two kinds of crust on the Earth, and what are the main differences between them? How thick are they? | Oceanic- Basalt, Denser, 5-10 km thick Continental- Granite, Less dense, 20-90 km thick |
| W9. What are the three main kinds of plate boundaries? At which boundaries do earthquakes and/or volcanoes occur? | Convergent boundaries, Divergent boundaries, Transform boundaries. Divergent plates |
| W9. Which plate boundaries are constructive, destructive, and conservative? | Constructive- Convergent Destructive- Divergent Conservative- Transform |
| W9. Which plate (if any) is subducted: At an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary? | Older plate goes under/denser |
| W9. Which plate (if any) is subducted: At an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary? | Oceanic plate goes under/denser |
| W9. Which plate (if any) is subducted: At a continental-continental convergent plate boundary? | Mountains form |
| W9. Is the following place at convergent, divergent, or transform plate boundaries: The Himalayas | Convergent |
| W9. Is the following place at convergent, divergent, or transform plate boundaries: Indonesia | Convergent #2 |
| W9. Is the following place at convergent, divergent, or transform plate boundaries: The East African Rift Valley | Divergent |
| W9. Is the following place at convergent, divergent, or transform plate boundaries: Los Angeles | Transform |
| W9. What happens to oceanic lithosphere as it ages to make it denser? | Rocks cool & Shrink (Water seeps into cracks in rocks/minerals hydrate) |
| W9. What layer of the mantle do the lithospheric plates move around on? Does this layer behave in a brittle or ductile manner under stress? | Asthenosphere Ductile manner |
| W9. What are the three main forces causing plate motion and seafloor spreading? How do they work? | Mantle Convection, slab-pull, Ridge-push |
| W9. Where do mantle plumes originate? | Lower mantle |
| W9. Do hot spot volcanoes increase in age in the direction of plate motion? | Yes |
| W5. What is petroleum made of? Where is it usually found? | Dead plankton & algae Lakes or marine sedimentary rocks |
| W5. What are the three rock components of an oil reservoir? In what vertical order are oil, gas, and salt water found in a reservoir? | Cap rock, Porous & permeable reservoir rock, Source Rocks Gas, Oil, Water |
| W5. Why is the oil in oil sand thicker and sludgier than the oil in a deeply buried reservoir? | It's been partly digested by bacteria |
| W5. How is oil extracted from oil sands and oil shales? | Mined & heated or injected with hot fluids |
| W5. Why is it difficult to extract gas from shales? | There are porous but not permeable |
| W5. What is fracking? | Hydraulic fracturing, pumping fluids to crack rocks and release gas |
| W5. What greenhouse gas do fossils fuels produce when they are burned? | Co2- Carbon dioxide |
| W5. How do greenhouse gases affect climate? | They absorb heat & slow its escape to space |
| W5. What is the difference between confining pressure and differential stress? | Confining pressure- makes rock/sediment denser, reduces pore space Differential stress- Cause deformation |
| W5. What are the three agents of metamorphism? | Heat, pressure, chemically active fluids |
| W5. How are coesite and stishovite (forms of quartz) produced? | High pressure during an impact event (Asteroid, comet, meteorite) |
| W5. Where is mylonite produced? What happens to minerals in mylonites? | Deep in fault zones Steching & Deforming |
| W5. What do clay minerals turn into during metamorphism? | Mica |
| W5. Do rocks stay solid during metamorphism? | Yes |
| W5. How does heat change rocks during metamorphism? | Heat causes chemical reactions/ recrystallization of minerals |
| W5. What causes hydrothermal metamorphism in rocks? | Hot water |
| W5. What are the three main kinds of metamorphism? | Contact Heat, Regional Collisions, Mountain building |
| W6/7. What determines whether a volcanic eruption is explosive or effusive? | Magma Viscosity |
| W6/7. What is viscosity? | Resistance to flow |
| W6/7. What three factors contribute to magma viscosity? | Temperature, Dissolved gas content, Silica Content |
| W6/7. What is the percentage of silica in basalt, andesite, and rhyolite? | Basalt- 50% Andesite- 60% Rhyolite- 70% |
| W6/7. What happens to gas bubbles in high- and low-silica magmas during an eruption? | Low silica magma- Gas bubbles rise through the magma and makes an effusive eruption High silica magma- Gas bubbles rise with magma (explosive eruption) |
| W6/7. What are the two types of basalt lava flows, and what are the differences between them? | aa- rough & blocky (less gass, cooler, more viscous Pahoehoe - smooth & ropy (more gas, hotter, less viscous) |
| W6/7. What kind of magma becomes block lava when erupted? | Andesite |
| W6/7. What kind of magma forms domes? | Rhyolite |
| W6/7. Define the following types of pyroclastic materials: ash, cinders, blocks, and bombs. | Ash-up to 2mm Cinders- 2-64mm Bombs- >64mm Blocks- >64 |
| W6/7. What is the difference between a mafic igneous rock and a felsic igneous rock? | Mafic= rich in Fe & Mg, Lower in silica Felsic= Rick in silica, lower in Fe & Mg |
| W6/7. What is the difference between an intrusive igneous rock and an extrusive igneous rock? | Intrusive- Cools below surface Extrusive- Erupts at surface |
| W6/7. What is the basic building block of silicate minerals? | SiO4 = Silica |
| W6/7. What are the layers in a stratovolcano made of? | Lava flows & Pyroclastic material |
| W6/7. What kind of volcano can produce lava tubes? | Shield Volcanoes |
| W6/7. What are stratovolcanoes made of? Why are they cone-shaped? | Material falls onto vent in explosive eruption Viscous lava piles up |
| W6/7. What is a cinder cone made of? | Cinder-sized pieces of scoria= gas-rich basalt |
| W6/7. What are shield volcanoes made of? Why are they shield-shaped? | Many thin basalt lava flows Crack on sides of volcano |
| W6/7. What are the hazards associated with volcanic ash? | Low visibility Dangerous to breath Coats & kills plants Clogs engines |
| W6/7. What is the difference between a pyroclastic flow and a pyroclastic surge? What are the three ingredients of both? | Flow- denser Surge- less dense Ash, gas and rock fragments |
| W6/7. What three processes can form a pyroclastic flow? | Collapse of an eruption column Lateral blast Collapse of a lava dome |
| W6/7. How does a lahar form? | Heavy rain on volcanoes Ice cap melts during eruption Breach of a crater lake |
| W6/7. Does a volcano have to be erupting for a lahar to occur? | No |
| W6/7. When sulfur dioxide combines with water in the upper atmosphere, what does it form? How does this affect incoming solar radiation? | Droplets of H2S04 = Sulfuric acid Block incoming sunlight |
| W6/7. Which volcano caused the “year without a summer” in 1816? Where is the volcano? | Tambora, Indonesia |
| W6/7. What kind of gas erupted from Lake Nyos in Cameroon in 1986? Why was the gas so deadly to living things in the valleys below the lake? | Co2- Heavier than air |
| W6/7. What are the names of the two volcanic areas north and south of Rome? Are they active? | Sabatin & Monte Albano Dormant (Kinda) |
| W6/7. What is pozzolana? What can pozzolana concrete do that most kinds of concrete cannot? | Pozzolana= Volcanic Ash Can harden under water |
| W6/7. How did the Romans use the abundant volcanic tuff around the city? | Tuff is excellent building stone & strong enough to tunnel through |
| W6/7. How did the Romans use travertine? | Building stone |
| W6/7. How does travertine form? Is it a chemical, biochemical, or clastic sedimentary rock? | It is precipitated at volcanic hot spring Chemical sedimentary rock |
Created by:
Tony_V
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