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Earth Science Ch. 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| earthquake | A series of inaudible shockwaves travelling through the earth |
| elastic rebound | Rapid movement of rocks along a fault surface, like a rubber band snapping, as excessive stress is released during an earthquake |
| seismograph | An instrument for detecting, measuring, and recording earthquake activity |
| Richter Scale | An open ended scale of earthquake magnitude. A magnitude of 3 can barely be felt. A magnitude of 9 or more is completely devastating. |
| magnitude | A measure of the amount of energy released by an earthquake |
| intensity | The measure of the destructiveness of an earthquake |
| focus | The center of an earthquake’s activity |
| epicenter | The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus of an earthquake |
| tsunami | A long wavelength sea wave produced by volcanic or seismic action near or under the ocean |
| P wave | The first waves that reach a seismic station. These waves are capable of passing through the earth’s core. |
| S wave | The second type of earthquake wave to reach a seismic station. This type of wave cannot pass through the core of the earth |
| L wave | The last waves to reach a seismic station. They travel along the earth’s surface and are the most destructive waves. |
| volcano | A mountain-like landform built up by the emission of various forms of molten rock through a vent in the earth’s surface |
| vent | An opening in the crust of the earth from which lava and gases can be emitted |
| lava | Molten rock that is discharged onto the earth’s surface by a volcano |
| volcanic cone | A conical landform built up by successive eruptions of a volcano |
| crater | A depression, at the top of a volcanic cone |
| caldera | A large crater, often water filled, formed by an explosion or collapse of the original volcanic cone |
| glowing avalanche | A rapidly flowing volcanic emission of red-hot solid particles suspended in steam or other hot gases |
| lahar | A mudslide that occurs when the venting of hot gases from a snow-capped volcano causes rapid melting of the snow. |
| fumarole | A vent in the ground from which various gases escape |
| pyroclastic materials | Volcanic emissions of solidified lava in pieces of any size, including ash, cinders, bombs, and sometimes large blocks of rock |
| ash | Volcanic debris consisting of tiny, angular, glassy fragments of solidified magma |
| tephra | An accumulation of loose volcanic ash |
| cinder | A solidified piece of lava similar to volcanic ash but larger |
| bomb | A streamlined mass of lava ejected from a volcano that solidifies in midair. Larger than ash and cinder particles |
| shield volcano | A broad, flat, dome-shaped volcano that emits mostly lava in quiet eruptions |
| cinder cone | A generally small, steep-sided volcano that explosively ejects mostly ash, cinders, and bombs |
| composite volcano | A volcano built up of alternating layers of lava and cinders, caused by alternating episodes of quiet and explosive eruptions |
| stratovolcano | A volcano whose cone is made up of alternating layers of solidified lava and pyroclastic materials from different eruptions; a composite volcano |
| active volcano | A volcano that has erupted within historical times or shows signs it could erupt at any time |
| dormant volcano | A volcano that has not erupted in historical times but could erupt based on seismic indications of tectonic activity beneath the volcano |
| extinct volcano | A volcano that has no historical record of eruption, gives evidence for long periods of inactivity based on erosion and sedimentation patterns, and has no significant seismic activity in the earth beneath it. |
| Circum-Pacific belt | The belt of active and extinct volcanoes and volcanic islands around the northern, eastern, and western perimeter of the Pacific Ocean. It is also known as the “Ring of Fire” |
| Alpine-Himalayan belt | A belt of active and extinct volcanoes that extends eastward from Central Europe through Turkey to the Himalayan Mountains |
| geothermal gradient | The rate of increase in the earth’s temperature with increased depth. |
| hot spring | A place where heated water rises to the surface and collects in a pool |
| mud pot | Muddy bubbles of steam produced by a hot spring within a volcanic ash or cinder field. |
| geyser | A vent for geothermally heated water and steam that erupts at predictable intervals |
| geothermal energy | The internal energy of the earth |
Created by:
jrasmussenheritage
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