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Bio Exam II
The Cell Cycle
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell theory | all cellular life comes from one or more cells |
| genetic material | organizational & functional units of all organisms |
| Organization of genetic material | - some cells are terminally different (don't divide) - cell division=cell reproduction - unicellular organisms: just reproduction - multicellular organisms: 2 functions - growth & development - renewal & repair |
| Cell Division | - all parts of a cell divide into new cells - main function: distribute genetic material into daughter cells |
| genome | cell's total genetic material |
| prokaryotes | 1 circular DNA mol. |
| eukaryotes | usually linear DNA mol. = chromosomes |
| Genes | - info unit of DNA; structure of all proteins in a cell - genes @ a specific location on chromosome-locus - arranged linearly on chromosomes - humans: 20,000 genes |
| Chromosomes | - colored body - DNA wrapped around proteins - highly organized |
| Histones | - proteins in eukaryotic cells; associate w/ chromosomes |
| Nucleosomes | - 8 histones w/ 146 bp of DNA wrapped around adjacent nucleosomes linked by about 60 bp |
| Chromatin | - DNA/ protein complex in dispersed state - thread or fiber like - DNA is usually in this state - condenses into chromosomes |
| Eukaryotic DNA packaging | Chromosome structure - each w/ unique shape and size - centromere: constricted area, site of spindle attachment - telomeres: end regions |
| Chromosome # | - Haploid (n): having one set of chromosomes (1 of each chromosome) |
| Gametes | gametes are haploid |
| Diploid (2n) | - 2 sets; 2 of the same chromosome: homologous chromosomes/ homologous pair - same length, centromere location, genes - somatic cells are diploid |
| Phases of the cell cycle | - cells don't divide continuously; gen. time varies ex. 8-10 hrs in tissue |
| All domains divide | - Prokaryotes: Binary Fission - starts as origin of replication; DNA replicates; organelles & cytoplasm are allocated; cell divides |
| Interphase- time b/w cell division | - growth & synthesis; not resting (metabolically active) - 90% of cell cycle - DNA is chromatin, condensed chromosomes not visible |
| G1 (gap 1) | - growth & normal development & functions; prep for s phase - cell spends most time in G1 |
| S phase (synthesis) | - cell doesn't change ploidy - chromosomes duplicated- DNA & chromosomal protein synthesis |
| After replication | - 2 sister chromatids; exact copies - connected @ centromere - kinetochores - proteins attached to centromeres - attached to microtubules, more chromosomes during division |
| G2 (gap2) | - usually shorter than G1 or S - DNA still as chromatin - high metabolic activities, prep. for mitosis - centromere duplicates |
| Events of M phase | mitosis & cytokinesis |
| Mitosis | - nuclear division of somatic cells - continous process in 4 stages |
| Prophase | - chromosomes condense - mitotic spindle forms - nucleus breaks down |
| Mitotic Spindle | - microtubules responsible for separation of chromosomes - microtubules: hollow rode of protein tubin - miotic spindle oriented from pole to pole of cell |
| Metaphase | - chromosomes align @ metaphase plate - kinetochores attach to spindle |
| Anaphase | - sister chromatids separate, more to opposite poles - pulled by kinetochores - seperase: enzyme that separate sister chromatids - after separation: each chromatid considered a chromosome |
| Chromsome movement | - microtubles not contractile, subunits easily assembles & disassembled - hypothesis: microtubles shorten @ centromere end |
| Telophase- opposite of prophase | - chromosomes de-condense, nuclear envelope reforms, new nuclei identical to parent |
| Cytokinesis | - cytoplasm & organelles divide - part of M phase - cytoplasmic division= 2 cells, w/ nucleus - overlaps w/ telophase - nucleus reverts to interphase condition |
| Cytokinesis in animal cells: cleavage | - cleavage furrow - contractile ring forms- actin filaments & contractile proteins - contracts until parent cell pinched in two |
| Cytokinesis in plant cells | - vesicles form Golgi align where metaphase plate was - fuse= cell plate - cell plate fuses w/ plasma membrane, becomes new plasma membrane - cell wall from contents of vesicles |
Created by:
tennadeleta.
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