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Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Genetics | Study of ways that hereditary information is passed from parents to offspring. |
| Hydrid | offspring of pure bred parents, show one contrasting trait, not the other. |
| P generation | Parent |
| F1 generation | First filial |
| F2 generation | Second filial |
| Law of dominance | When an organism is hybrid for a pair of contrasting traits, only the dominant trait can be seen in the hybrid |
| Law of segregation | Factors that occur in pairs are separated from each other during haploid formation and recombined at fertilization |
| Genes | Factors |
| Alleles | Different copy of forms of genes controlling certain trait |
| Homozygous | Both alleles are the same (pure bred) |
| Heterozygous | Alleles are different (hybrid) |
| Genotype | Genetic makeup (tall and short --> Tt) |
| Phenotype | Physical trait that an organism develops (tall --> Tall) |
| Chance | No one outcome is more likely to happen than another |
| Test Cross | Individual with an unknown genotype is mated with a homozygous recessive individual. The phenotype of the offspring help is figure out what the genotype is |
| Incomplete dominance | Both alleles contribute to a phenotype that is unlike either parent Representation: Capital letter for each allele Example: Japanes 4 o'clock flower |
| Codominance | Two dominance alleles at the same time Representation: Capital letter with subscripts Example: |
| Multiple alleles | More than 2 alleles for a gene in the species Representation: Each individual only has two alleles Example: Human blood type |
| Sex chromosomes | Unmatched chromosome pair |
| Sex-linked trait | Traits controlled by a gene on the sex chromosome |
| Linkage group | All the genes on the same chromosome |
| Crossing over | Homologous chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA during meiosis |
| Polygenic/ Multiple inheritance | Traits are controlled by two or more genes |
| Semi- conservative replication | One stand (half of "ladder") of old DNA is part of new DNA |
| One-gene-one polypeptide hypothesis | The synthesis of each polypeptide is directed by a different gene |
| Transcription | Copy from DNA to mRNA |
| Translation | Using RNA to make polypeptides |
| mRNA | Strand of RNA that copies a genetic message from DNA |
| tRNA | Pick up only one kind of amino acid |
| Codon | Each group of three bases on the mRNA that specifies an amino acid |
| Anticodon | Complement of a mRNA codon |
| Mutations | Sudden change in the structure or amount of genetic material |
| Chromosomal mutation | Translocation, Inversion, Addision, Deletion, Nondisjunction, Polyploidy |
| Gene mutation | Point mutation, Frameshift mutation |
| Mutagens | Environmental factors that cause mutation |
| Polyploidy | Organism has more than normal number of copies of chromosomes |
| Point mutation | One nucleotide changes normally results in substitution of one amino acid |
| Frameshift mutation | nucleotides are added or deleted |
| Genetic engineering | DNA manipulation |
Created by:
davidcg_9
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