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bio quiz
cell structure and functions
| What are the three parts of the cell theory? | All living things are composed of 1 or more cells The cell is the basic unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things Every cell arises from a pre-existing cell |
| What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? | A prokaryotic cell Lack a true nucleus Unenclosed (usually circular chromosome) Lack membrane-bound organelles |
| What structures make up prokaryotic cells | ribosomes cell membrane thylakoids nucleoid cytoplasm plasmids cell wall capsule flagella DNA |
| what structures make up eukaryotic cells | nucleus nuclear envelope DNA Nucleolus Cytoplasm cell membrane cell wall mitochondria lysosomes ribosomes flagella vacuoles and vesicules cytoskeleton chloroplasts centrosomes peroxisomes ER golgi apparatus |
| ribosomes in prokaryotic | Small bodies within the cell Involved in protein synthesis Suspended in the cytoplasm |
| cell membrane in prokaryotic | Encloses the cell Barrier and recognition of other cells Controls what substances enter/leave the cell |
| Thylakoids in prokaryotic | Found in photosynthetic prokaryotic cells Facilitates photosynthesis |
| Nucleoid in prokaryotic | Region where DNA is located DNA coiled up (single circular chromosome) DNA in direct contact with cytoplasm No membrane |
| cytoplasm in prokaryotic | Gel-like component that contains subcellular structures |
| plasmids in prokaryotic | Small, circular DNA molecules Fewer genes than nucleoids DNA strand DNA found here is not needed for normal cell functioning Confers useful properties |
| cell wall in prokaryotic | Protects the cell Gives the cell shape |
| capsule in prokaryotic | Outer covering Hard coat that retains moisture Prevents bacteria from being engulfed and destroyed |
| flagella in prokaryotic | Propels the cell |
| nucleus in eukaryotic | Present in all eukaryotic cells Houses the cell’s DNA Has it’s own membrane: nuclear envelope Is the control center of the cell Occupies up to 20% of the cell |
| nuclear envelope in eukaryotic | Membrane connected to ER Contains craters (nuclear pores) on surface, that control what enters/leaves nucleus |
| dna in euklaryotic | Organized on chromosomes (DNA, proteins, some RNA → chromatin) |
| nucleolus in eukaryotic | Center of nucleus Rich in RNA Where ribosomes are made |
| cytoplasm in eukaryotic | Composed primarily of cytosol Contains cytoskeleton Organelles found here 3 functions performed here: Food converted to energy Energy stored Manufacturing |
| cell membrane in eukaryotic | Controls what can enter/leave cell Made up of phospholipid molecules which form the outer barrier of the cell |
| cell wall in eukaryotic | Protects the cell Gives the cell shape |
| mitochondria in eukaryotic | Power houses Oblong, ovoid organelles Breakdown food and nutrients → energy Contain their own DNA Self-replicate |
| lysosomes in eukaryotic | Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes that breakdown & digest molecules |
| ribosomes in eukaryotic | Production of proteins Scattered on rough ER |
| flagella in eukaryotic | Propel the cell |
| Vacuoles & vesicles in eukaryotic | Fluid filled structures enclosed within a membrane Used for storage & transport Some store nutrients, water and waste products |
| cytoskeleton in eukaryotic | microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules that are constantly forming and dissolving (microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments) Found in the cytoplasm Gives the cell shape and coherence |
| chloroplast in eukaryotic | Produce sugars and starches via photosynthesis Chlorophyll traps light energy Possesses its own DNA and can self-replicate |
| centrosomes in eukaryotic | Small cylindrical structures Involved in regulation of cell division Composed of 2 centrioles |
| peroxisomes in eukaryotic | Small, membrane-enclosed organelles Contain enzymes involved in metabolic reactions Contain large amounts of hydrogen peroxide from breaking down fatty acids and toxic substances (alcohol) |
| endoplasmic reticulum (er) | Network of folded membranes Continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope Works with Golgi Apparatus Rough = ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Smooth = lacks Produces lipids, detoxifies chemicals, transports materials throughout the cell |
| golgi apparatus | Processes and packages macromolecules Modifies and packages proteins from the ER and sends them to other parts of the cell multiple layers On rim, bubble-like packages from (vesicles) and move up layers and modify until top layer |
| What are the differences between plant and animal cells? | plant cells have chloroplasts, cell wall, no L or P, square and rigid, limited movement, one large vacuole animals cells no cwl or c have lysosomes and perxosomes contains cilia a/o flagella many shapes cells can move around has small vacoules |
| Similarities of Plant and Animal Cells | Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell membrane Ribosomes |
| plant cells organelles | Mitochondria Rough ER (ribosomes) Smooth ER Golgi Apparatus Peroxisomes Central Vacuole Chloroplast |
| animal cell organelles | Mitochondria Centrosome Rough ER (ribosomes) Smooth ER Golgi Apparatus Peroxisomes Vacuoles Lysosomes |
| What is the role of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells? | Powerhouse of cell: Supply energy to cell Cellular respiration = process by which mitochondria breakdown food molecules to produce ATP (phosphorylation of ADP) |
| What is the structure and function of the cell membrane? | Separates inside of cell fromenvironment made of double-layer of phos. Proteins in bilayer guide things that go in/out Phospholipid made of head/2 tails Head hydrophilic fuse with membranes of other cells transport cytoplasm, water, organelles, wastes |
| Ion Channel | proteins that control flow of ions into and out of the cell through passive transport (no chemical energy) |
| ion pump | proteins that transport ions against their electrochemical gradient through active transport (requires chemical energy) |
| Particles can move across the cell membrane 3 ways: | Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport |
| stem | bacteria some good (animalis) microbiologist Study cells at the molecular level Develop vaccines, genetic basis of a disease, genetic code of an organism, genetic modification, forensic investigations with DNA |
| arstotle | Aristotle (334 B.C.) - classified all known organisms as plant or animal |
| janssen | Janssen (1595) - produced first compound microscope |
| robert hooke | Robert Hooke (1665) - looked at a piece of cork in a compound microscope and determined that it was made up of “small rooms” that he called cells |
| leeuwenhoek | Leeuwenhoek (1675) - observed living cells (bacteria) through a simple microscope |
| robert brown | Robert Brown (1833) - botanist that said every plant is made of cells and inside there’s a dark blob-like structure → nucleus |
| schwann adn schleiden | Schwann (1839) & Schleiden (1838) - all animals are composed of cells and all plants are made of cells. Cells are the basic building blocks of life |
| perkin | Perkin (1856) - developed an intense purple dye used to stain microscope slides (shows more details) |
| virchow | Virchow (1858) - German physician that said The cells of plants and animals must come from previously existing cells |
| porter | Porter (1945) - named Endoplasmic Reticulum; advanced the study of organelles in cells using electron microscopy |
| Which of the following functions is the cytoskeleton not directly involved in? | cellular respiration |
| When a phospholipid bilayer forms in water, what can you conclude about the arrangement of the phospholipids? | all tails are pointed inward |
| What is one function of the cell membrane? | regulates which materials enter and leave |
| A protein transports an ion across the cell membrane against its concentration gradient. Which of the following must be true? | the ion pump is using active transport |
Created by:
rees417