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Biology Chapter 4
Study Activities for Principles of Disease MCB2010
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____ harbor pathogens and can transmit them to others, but do not show any signs of the disease. | Carriers |
| What is the term used for the cause of a disease? | Etiology |
| Damage to the host ______ _______ is the most common mode of action of toxins. | Cell Membrane |
| A _______ infection is a systemic infection which then infects a specific portion of the body. | Focal |
| Objective changes in body function such as fever or paralysis are known as _____. | Signs |
| What is another name for a capsule? | Glycocalyx |
| A _______ infection is limited to a small area of the host's body. | Local |
| The term used for toxins that are produced by bacteria and secreted into the surrounding environment. | Exotoxins |
| ______ is an exoenzyme which breaks down the polysaccharide "cement" which holds cells of connective tissue together. | Hyaluronidase |
| This type of exotoxin affects the lining of the GI tract. | Entertotoxin |
| Most exotoxins are produced by gram _____ bacteria and are found on _______. | Positive; plasmids |
| ______ is an exoenzyme which causes clotting of blood. | Coagulase |
| What is another name for a ligand on the surface of a pathogen that allows it to bind to receptors on the host cell tissue? | Adhesin |
| Which type of bacterial cell contains endotoxin? (+) or (-) | Gram (-) |
| For endotoxins to produce fever, the steps begin with gram (-) bacteria being engulfed by phagocytes. Phagocytes produce _______ which travels to the _______ via the bloodstream and the subsequent release of _______ produces fever. | Interleukin-1; Hypothalamus; Prostaglandins |
| Chicken pox, measles and tuberculosis are all examples of _____ diseases, those that are spread from person to person. | Communicable |
| _____ is the presence of bacteria in the blood. | Bacteremia |
| _____ ______ was the bacterium that Koch used to formulate his postulates. | Bacillus anthracis |
| _______ flora are the microbes which have permanent residence and do not normally cause disease. | Normal |
| Which type of bacterial cell produces most of the known exotoxins? (+) or (-) | Gram (+) |
| Chicken pox and measles are both examples of _____ diseases, those that are very easily spread from person to person. | Contagious |
| The fraction of the population that contracts the disease over a period of time. | Incidence |
| _____ diseases infect large numbers of people in a short period of time. | Epidemic |
| _____ contact transmission involves fomites. | Indirect |
| A _______ infection is one which shows no symptoms or signs. | Subclinical |
| This type of exotoxin interferes with the transmission of a nerve impulse. | Neurotoxin |
| Subjective changes in body function are known as ______. | Symptoms |
| _____ diseases develop slowly and either persist or recur. | Chronic |
| _____ are animals that transmit the pathogen from one host to another. | Vectors |
| Give 2 examples of zoonotic diseases. | Rabies |
| Is it passive or biological transmission that involves a vector passing a pathogen on the external body of the insect? | Passive |
| Worldwide infections are known as ______. | Pandemic |
| This type of exotoxin kills cells or alters their function. | Cytotoxin |
| A change in health that results from an infection is known as _______. | Disease |
| The fraction of the population that has the disease at a particular point in time. | Prevalence |
| A _______ infection is an acute infection that causes the disease. | Primary |
| What is the term for when a microorganism invades the body? | Infection |
| ______ is an exoenzyme which dissolves blood clots. | Kinases |
| What part of the lipopolysaccharide of gram (-) cell walls is known as endotoxin? | Lipid A |
| What does LD50 stand for? | Lethal Dose 50 |
| _____ diseases are always present in the population. | Endemic |
| A _____ is a non-living object which transmits the disease to another person. | Fomite |
| A _______ infection is spread throughout the body. | Systemic |
| What is the term for the manner in which a disease develops? | Pathogenesis |
| _____ is the presence of toxin in the blood. | Toxemia |
| _____ transmission is a type of vehicle transmission involving release of the pathogen during something such as a sneeze. | Droplet |
| _____ is the presence of a viral infection in the blood. | Viremia |
| Vectors which can replicate the pathogen inside their bodies utilize _____ transmission. | Biological |
| _______ pathogens are normally not pathogenic but will cause disease if the host is compromised in some way. | Opportunistic |
| What are two exceptions to Koch's postulates? | Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum |
| A _______ infection is caused by an opportunistic pathogen. | Secondary |
| ______ infections are those acquired while in the hospital. | Nosocomial |
| Capsules interfere with host immune system cells and inhibit _______. | Phagocytosis |
| Name 2 diseases that are known to be non-communicable. | Tetanus and anthrax |
| ______ is an exoenzyme which breaks down a major protein found in connective tissue. | Collagenase |
| _____ are diseases that normally occur in animals other than humans but can be transmitted to humans. | Zoonoses |
| What percentage of hospital patients acquire some type of nosocomial infection? | 5% |
| What does ID50 stand for? | Infectious Dose 50 |
| What are the two major types of bacteria which are the cause of nosocomial infections now? | E. coli and P. aeruginosa |
| _____ diseases only occur infrequently in the population. | Sporadic |
| _____ is growth and multiplication of bacteria in the blood. | Septicemia |
| _______ microbes are present for only a period of time and then disappear. | Transient |
| The method to transmit disease which involves touching or sexual intercourse is known as _____. | Direct Contact Transmission |
| _____ diseases develop rapidly and do not last very long. | Acute |
| A ______ is a set of symptoms and signs associated with a particular disease. | Syndrome |
| ______ is an exoenzyme which digests the protective coating on mucous membranes. | Mucinase |
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