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CPYCH UNIT 7 2021
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian Hnrs. Cog. Psych. Unit 7 Test Flashcards 2021
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the term "semantic memory" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "our organized knowledge about the world". |
| What is a "category"? | This is "a set of objects that belong together". |
| Give one (1) example of a "category". | One (1) example of this is "fruit". |
| What does the term "concept" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "our mental representations of a category". |
| Give one (1) example of a "concept". | One (1) example of this is "15th - century Flemish painting". |
| Why is it sometimes difficult to transfer concepts from the classroom setting where we learned them to the context of a real-life situation? | This is sometimes difficult because we learned the information in a classroom, so our "context" for this information is restricted to a classroom setting. Instead, we should consider how the information applies to our lives. |
| What does the term "prototype" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the item that is the best, most typical example of a category". (Or, the ideal representation of the category.) |
| What does the "Prototype Approach" to memory state? | This approach states that we decide whether a particular item belongs to a category by comparing the item with a prototype. If it is similar to the prototype, we include it in that category. |
| What does the term "prototypicality" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the degree to which an item is representative of its category. |
| How does the "graded structure" approach work? | In this situation, we begin with the most representative or prototypical members of a category and continue through the category's non-prototypical members. |
| When does the "typicality effect" occur? | This occurs when people judge typical items (prototypes) faster than items that are not typical (non-prototypes). |
| What is the "semantic priming effect"? | This is when people respond faster to an item if it was preceded by an item with similar meaning. |
| What are "superordinate-level categories"? | These are higher-level, or more general, categories. |
| What is one (1) example of a "superordinate-level category"? | One (1) example of this type of category is "furniture". |
| What are "subordinate-level categories"? | These are lower-level, or more specific, categories. |
| What is one (1) example of a "subordinate-level category"? | One (1) example of this type of category is "desk chair". |
| What does the "exemplar approach" state? | This approach states that we first learn information about some specific examples of a concept, then we classify each new stimulus by deciding how closely it resembles all of those specific examples. |
| Explain what network models of semantic memory are like. | These are netlike organization of concepts in memory with numerous interconnections. |
| What are "nodes"? | These are how one (1) concept - or one (1) unit located within the network, in the "network model" of semantic memory. |
| What does the term "declarative knowledge" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "knowledge about facts and 'things'". |
| What is a "proposition" where semantic memory is concerned? | This is the smallest unit of knowledge that people can judge to be either true or false. |
| What is one (1) example of a "proposition" where semantic memory is concerned? | One (1) example of this is: Susan gave a cat to Maria. This is an example because people can judge whether or not it is true. |
| What is the "parallel distributed processing" (PDP) approach to semantic memory? | This approach proposes that cognitive processes can be represented by a model in which activation flows through networks that link together a large number of simple, neuron-like units. |
| How do people make "spontaneous generalizations"? | People do this by using individual cases to draw inferences about general information. |
| What is "graceful degradation" where the PDP approach to semantic memory is concerned? | This refers to the brain's ability to provide partial memory. |
| What does the term "schema" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "generalized, well-integrated knowledge about a situation, an event, or a person". |
| How does "schema therapy" work? | In this type of therapy, the clinician and the client may work together in order to explore the client's core beliefs and create appropriate new, more helpful strategies". |
| What does the term "script" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a simple, well-structured sequence of events in a specified order; this script is associated with a highly familiar activity". |
| What does the term "life script" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a list of events that a person believes would be most important throughout his or her lifetime". |
| What does the term "boundary extension" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "our tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of a scene than was actually shown". |
| What does the term "verbatim memory" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to people's (usually poor) word-for-word recall. |
| Explain how the "constructive model of memory" works? | People integrate information from individual sentences in order to construct larger ideas. |
| Explain how the "pragmatic view of memory" works? | In this view, people pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to their current goals. |
| What occurs during "memory integration"? | During this, our background knowledge encourages us to take in new information in a schema-consistent fashion. |
| Complete the following sentence: "Semantic memory includes both __________________________ and __________________________." | General knowledge; knowledge about language. |
| What are two (2) ways that researchers have used the prototype approach to examine social relationships? | Researchers have done this by studying the prototype of compassionate love and the prototype of "being there" for a romantic partner. |
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