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Geo Exam 1
Geo Exam 1 (W1-W4)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| W1 What is concrete made of? | Sand/gravel = aggregate (cement, water) |
| W1 What is cement made of? | Clay, lime, and water |
| W1 What is lime, and how is it made? | Calcium oxide = CaO (burn calcium carbonate, CaCO3 -> CaO & CO2 |
| W1 What are the three main components of a city? | Natural setting, Built environment, people/culture |
| W1 Much of Mexico City is on the drained lake bed of Lake Texcoco. When did people start to drain the lake, and why? | 17th century, to stop disease & floods |
| W1 What has caused the ground in parts of Mexico City to sink since the early 20th century? | Withdrawing too much ground water too fast = over pumping |
| W1 What happened to buildings on the lake mud during the Mexico City earthquake of 1985? | Buildings were destroyed |
| W1 What disadvantages do poor communities and countries have in preparing for natural disasters? | Lack of money, poor or not infrastructure, poor people live in more vulnerable areas, lack of political will |
| W1 Are there any active volcanoes near Mexico City? | Yes |
| W1 When did Mexico City and other cities around the world experience huge population growth? | Mid-20th century |
| W1 Is it easy for people in informal, unplanned communities to obtain basic infrastructure and services such as clean water, sewer lines, and paved roads? | No |
| W1 What kind of stone is the James Flood mansion in San Francisco made of? Where did it come from? | Sandstone, (Connecticut River valley, Portland, CT) |
| W1 What was the geological source of James Flood’s fortune? | Silver mines in Nevada |
| W1 Why did the Flood mansion survive the 1906 earthquake? | House is made of big blacks of sandstone |
| W2 What is the definition of a mineral? | Organized crystal structure, inorganic, solid, characteristic chemical composition, naturally occurring, |
| W2 What is a molecule? | Molecule = smallest unit of a substance Chemical formula = one molecule (H2O, NaCl) |
| W2 What is the atomic number of an element? What happens to the element if you change the atomic number? | Number of protons in an atomic nucleus. Change atomic number -> change the elemen |
| W2 What two kinds of particles are present in the nucleus of an atom? Which ones contribute mass and charge? Which ones contribute only mass? | Protons- mass & positive change Neutrons- mass |
| W2 How many electrons can a single proton attract into orbit around an atomic nucleus? | One |
| W2 For an atom to be stable and nonreactive, how should its electrons be arranged in their orbits (shells)? | Outer shell should be full or empty |
| W2 How many electrons does the innermost shell hold? How many do the next two shells out hold? | 7. 2, 8, 8 |
| W2 Why is helium unreactive? Why is hydrogen reactive? | Hydrogen- shell is 1/2 full (reactive) Helium- shell is full (non-reactive) |
| W2 How do two atoms form an ionic bond? | One atom gives one or more electrons to another atom -atoms become ionized and are attracted -> Ionic bon |
| W2 How do two atoms form a covalent bond? | Atoms share electrons -2 different elements of 2 atoms of the same element |
| W2 What is a radical? | Radical= a charged group of atoms CO3= carbonate SO4= sulfate |
| W2 What kind of bond do sodium and chlorine form to make sodium chloride? | Ionic |
| W2 What kind of bond forms between carbon atoms? | Covalent |
| W2 How does the layered structure of graphite affect its behavior? | Layers move past each other easily -Graphite is soft & smears |
| W2 What scale is used to measure mineral hardness? | Mohs scale |
| W2 What is the luster of a mineral? | Luster- how light reflects from a mineral |
| W2 What is the streak of a mineral? | Streak- color of the powered mineral |
| W2 What is the cleavage of a mineral? Do all minerals have cleavage? | Cleavage- tendency of a mineral to break into consistently shaped pieces |
| W2 What are the four main types of mechanical weathering? | -Sandblasting -Frost wedging -Unloading -Biological activity |
| W2 What is the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering? | -Breaks down or alters minerals -Breaks rock into pieces |
| W2 Does rock have high or low compressive strength? Does it have high or low tensile strength? | High compressive strength. Low tensile strength |
| W2 What kind of texture improves a stone's appearance and strength? | Even, consistent texture |
| W2 What kind of common building stone is the most resistant to fire? | Sandstone |
| W2 What happens to granite in a fire? | It can shatter |
| W2 What happens to limestone in a fire? | Burns to lime |
| W2 Why is Westerly granite such a high quality building and monumental stone? | Fine, even texture -Strong -Takes carving well |
| W2 What is the difference between rock and stone? | Rock= raw, natural material Stone= rock with ah economic use |
| W2 Which mineral groups have the following anions (negative ions) or radicals in their chemical formula? SO4 O S CO3 | 29. SO4 = Sulfates O = Oxides S = Sulfates CO3 = carbonates |
| W3 What two processes turn loose sediment into sedimentary rock after the sediment is buried? | Compaction & cementation |
| W3 What are clastic sedimentary rocks made of? | Clastic - broken pieces of other rocks |
| W3 What grain sizes in clastic sedimentary rocks indicate low-energy, medium-energy, and high-energy environments? Answer in Notes | Answer in Notes- Week 3 picture |
| W3 How do grain shape and sorting in a clastic sedimentary rock indicate the length of grain transport? Answer in Notes | Answer in Notes- Week 3 picture |
| W3 What are the four most common cements in sedimentary rocks? | 5. Cements ○ Silica ○ Calcium carbonate ○ Clay minerals ○ Iron oxides Hematite -> red Limonite -> yellow |
| W3 What are biochemical sedimentary rocks made of? | Remains of organisms |
| W3 What two minerals do sea creatures make their shells or skeletons from? | Calcium carbonate & silica |
| W3 Where in the ocean are calcareous oozes the dominant biochemical sediment? Where are siliceous oozes dominant? | Calcareous oozes - warmer/shallower seas Siliceous oozes - colder/deeper seas |
| W3 How do chemical sedimentary rocks form? | Minerals precipitate from water |
| W3 What kind of chemical sedimentary rock forms at volcanic hot springs? | Travertine |
| W3 What does the principle of catastrophism state about the age of the Earth and how its surface features formed? | Young Earth -Features form quickly from catastrophic events |
| W3 Who came up with the principle of uniformitarianism? What does this principle state about the age of the Earth and how its surface features formed? | Janes Hutton Old Earth -Features form slowly over a long period of time |
| W4 Define: superposition | In a series of sedimentary rocks or lava flows, the oldest layer is on the bottom and the youngest is on top. (If undisturbed) |
| W4 Define: original horizontality | Sedimentary rocks are laid down horizontally. |
| W4 Define: cross-cutting relationships | If one rock intrudes another, the intruding rock is younger. |
| W4 Define: inclusions and components | Always older than the rock they are in. -Inclusions- Solid rock incorporated into a melt. -Components: Grains in a sedimentary rock |
| W4 Define: fossil succession | Fossils succeed one another in a definite and determinable order. |
| W4 Define: Walther’s Law | If rocks are missing from a sequence, there is missing time -Indicates erosion, not deposition. |
| W4 Who made the first bedrock of map of Britain? | William Smith |
| W4 How old are the coal deposits of the eastern U.S. and northern Europe? What did they form from? | Carboniferous ~300 mya -Swamps |
| W4 Put these in order of increasing compaction: lignite, bituminous coal, peat, anthracite. | Peat -> lignite -> coal -> anthracite |
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Tony_V
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