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Community Exam 2
Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 components of the epidemiologic triangle: | Host, Agent, Environment |
| Wheel Model of Human-Environment Interaction: 3 types of environments | Biological, Social, Physical |
| Type of rate: new cases or conditions | Incidence Rate |
| Type of rate: all cases of a specific disease or condition at a given time | Prevalence Rate |
| Type of rate: number of new cases of those exposed to the disease | Attack Rate |
| Type of prevention: health promotion & specific prevention; hand washing | Primary Prevention |
| Type of prevention: screenings & examinations aimed at early diagnosis | Secondary Prevention |
| Type of prevention: limitation of disability & rehabilitation of those with irreversible diseases | Tertiary Prevention |
| Mechanism for the ongoing collection of community health information | Surveillance |
| Focuses on the amount & distribution of health & health problems within a population; identified patterns frequently indicate possible causes of disease (ex: morbidity & mortality rates) | Descriptive epidemiology |
| Examine complex relationships among the many determinants of disease; investigates the causes of disease by determining why a disease rate is lower in one pop. group than in another | Analytic epidemiology |
| No manipulation by investigators; ex: females w/ high stress levels vs. those w/ low stress levels | Observational studies |
| Examine relationships between potential causal factors & disease at a specific time; sometimes called prevalence or correlational studies | Cross-sectional studies |
| Compare individuals w/ a particular condition or disease w/ those who do not have the disease; data collection extends back in time; ex: review health records for college students 5 years ago for drug addiction | Retrospective studies |
| Monitor a group of disease-free individuals to determine if & when disease occurs "do they get the disease?" | Prospective studies |
| Also called a randomized clinical trial (RCT); apply experimental methods to test treatment & prevention strategies; ex: new blood pressure meds being studied by a drug company to look for side effects | Experimental design |
| Community composed of people who have common characteristics (ex: senior citizens, ethnic backgrounds, religious organizations) | Aggregate |
| Common problem unites individuals | Community of solution |
| The ability to respond to changing dynamics indicates productive community functioning | Healthy communities |
| Used to make organized observations of the area & its people; drive or walk to understand environmental layout | Windshield survey |
| Helps the nurse become familiar with an area & see how it has changed over time | Census Data |
| Locally generated data collection; analysis of demographic information provides descriptive info about the population | National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) |
| 1st step in a Needs Assessment? | Identify aggregate for assessment |
| Based on Hogue's group intervention model (1985) in need of a population focus; applies nursing process to larger aggregate within systems framework | Health Planning Model |
| Type of needs: demand for services & the market behavior of the targeted population | Expressed Needs |
| Type of needs: lack, deficit, or inadequacy of services determined by health professionals | Normative Needs |
| Type of needs: wants & desires expressed by audience | Perceived Needs |
| Type of needs: gap showing health disparities between advantaged & disadvantaged population | Relative Needs |
| 5 spheres of empowerment: | interpersonal (personal empowerment), intragroup (small group development), intergroup (community), interorganizational (coalition building), political action |
| Model provides structure for assessing health & quality of life needs. Design, implement, & evaluate health programs to meet those needs | PRECEDE- PROCEED |
| Better access to care funds, focused only on hospital construction planning, goal to increase # of hospital beds | Hill-Burton Act |
| Latest technology & Regional Med Schools, but duplicated services | Regional Medical Programs (RMP) |
| System of single state & area wide health planning agencies, goal of addressing needs of underserved, costs rose & system was unchanged | National Health Planning & Resources Development Act |
| Administration that encouraged competition within the health care system | Reagan administration |
| plan for health care reform included mechanisms to revitalize planning at a national level but failed & in 1994 gave planning back to state & local agencies | Clinton administration |
| 6 characteristics that affect learning: | need to know, concept of self, experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learning, motivation |
| Empowerment among the poor & oppressed promotes literacy | Brazilian educator Paulo Freire |
| Goal of PAR? | social change |
| Literacy is operationally defined as the ability to read & write at the 5th grade reading level in any language & can be measured according to a continuum | National Literacy Act (1991) |
| Purpose is to assure the conditions of human health & provide healthy environments for people to live, work, & play | Environmental health |
| Environmental health is accomplished through: | risk assessment, prevention, intervention |
| Growing evidence supports that the built environment directly and indirectly affects: | health outcomes & disease rates |
| Phenomenon in which public structures & homes cause occupants to experience a variety of symptoms such as headache, fatigue, & exacerbation of allergies | Sick housing syndrome |
| Stage of infection: infectious agent has invaded a host & found conditions hospitable to replicate; replication before shedding | Latent period |
| Stage of infection: follows latency, begins with shedding of agent | Communicable period |
| Stage of infection: time from invasion to time when disease symptoms first appear | Incubation period |
| Disease that occur at a consistent, expected level in a geographic area | Endemic |
| An unexpected occurrence of an infectious disease in a limited geographic area during a limited period of time | Outbreak |
| An unexpected increase of an infectious disease in a geographic area over an extended period of time | Epidemic |
| Steady occurrence of a disease over a large geographic area or worldwide | Pandemic |
| The reduction of incidence or prevalence | Control |
| Controlling a disease within a specified geographic area & reducing the prevalence & incidence to near zero | Elimination |
| Reducing the worldwide incidence of a disease to zero as a function of deliberate efforts | Eradication |
| A process which active or passive immunity to an infectious disease is induced or amplified | Immunization |
| The administration of a vaccine or toxoid to confer active immunity | Vaccination |
| Actions that focus on modifying economic, political, & environmental factors that are precursors of poor health throughout the world | Upstream thinking |
| The individual is the focus of change (i.e. microscopic focus). There is a downstream approach. What theory does this describe? | Orem's self care deficit theory of nursing |
| This theory places the burden of action exclusively on the client. Behavior is based on disease avoidance. It is comprised of constructs such as a perceived susceptibility, cues to action, & likelihood of taking an action. What theory am I? | Health Belief Model |
| This theory attempts to predict a person's intention to preform or not preform a certain behavior. These intentions are determined by one's attitude regarding a behavior & the subjective norms associated with the behavior. This is an ex. of what theory? | Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) |
| This theory is based on the assumption that behavior change takes place over time, progressing thru a sequence of stages. One may stop in one stage, progress to the next, or return to the previous stage. | The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) |
| This type of assessment is performed by driving, walking, or biking through a community to gain a better understanding of the environmental layout. | Windshield survey |
| 1st step in the needs assessment process is: | identify aggregate for assessment |
| Evaluation includes reflecting on programs to determine the plan's strengths & weaknesses. Which type of evaluation is completed at the end of a program? | Summative |
| Community health diagnoses should be written with measurable & timed objectives (T/F) | True |
| Upstream change can occur at local, state, & national levels. Which involved the creation of an innovation center for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Center? | Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act of 2010 |
| This act was intended to make the latest technology for the diagnosis & treatment of heart disease, cancer, stroke, & related diseases available to community health care providers among medical school. | Affordable Care Act |
| This project required government approval of hospital & nursing homes' major capital investments | Certificate of Need |
| This act included hospital construction plans & focused only on construction | Hill Burton |
| National health insurance program that requires all citizens to be covered by one or a combination of insurance plans | Regional Medical |
| This branch of the government is responsible for the Senate & the house of representatives: | Legislative Branch |
| What are ways nurses' can have a role in political activities? | Be a change agent, register to vote, join your state nurses association |
| We have seen a major paradigm shift at the national level of a philosophy at the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (T/F)? | True |
| Was the first nurse to exert political pressure on the government. She transformed military health & knew the value of data in influencing policy | Florence Nightingale |
| This nurse became an advocate for abolishing slavery & supporting women's rights. | Sojourner Truth |
| Was responsible for organizing relief efforts during U.S. Civil War. She founded the American Red Cross | Clara Barton |
| This person was a political activist & worked with the federal government in the development of the Children's Bureau in 1912 | Lilian Wald |
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yulissalira
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