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Yr 10 Geology
all definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Andesite magma | Magma containing more silica than basalt, is viscous and forms cone shaped volcanoes such as Ruapehu and Taranaki |
| Ash eruption | Very small fragments of magma erupted from a volcano |
| Active volcano | A volcano that is ‘ejecting’ or erupting |
| Basalt | Igneous rock with small crystals |
| Basalt magma | Contains about 50% silica, flows like honey is least explosive and forms shield volcanoes like Dunedin and Christchurch |
| Caldera | Large bowl shaped volcanic depression formed from the collapse of the top of a volcanic cone |
| Collision zone | Where tectonic plates collide at their boundaries |
| Continental | Type of crust that carries land |
| Core | Central part of the Earth (about one third of the Earth’s mass, mainly iron and nickel) |
| Crater | a bowl-shaped geological formation at the top of a volcano |
| Crust | Outer layer of the Earth made up of rocks |
| Continental crust | Crust underlying the continents |
| Convection currents | Currents formed by the rising of hot, less dense material being replaced by cooler, denser material. |
| Dormant volcano | Volcano not recently active but is not extinct |
| Earthquake | Vibration of Earth caused by sudden release of energy |
| Epicentre | Point on Earth’s surface above the focus of an earthquake |
| Erosion | Transport of rock fragments and other materials |
| Extinct volcano | A volcano that has not erupted for millions of years |
| Extrusive | Cools rapidly on the surface of the Earth, contains small crystals e.g. basalt |
| Fault / transform | Break in the rocks of the Earth’s crust |
| Focus | Point where an earthquake starts |
| Fossil | Remains of plants and animals that are preserved in rock / found in sedimentary rock |
| Geological | To do with the structures of the Earth’s crust |
| Geothermal | Where hot rock within the Earth’s crust heats water, which finds its way to the surface as hot springs, geysers and mud pools |
| Granite | An example of an intrusive igneous rock |
| Igneous rock | Rock formed by the cooling and solidifying of magma |
| Intrusive | Cools slowly inside the crust contains large crystals, e.g. granite |
| Inner core | The solid part of the core, hottest part of the Earth. Is made up of iron and nickel. |
| Lahar | Mudflow on a volcano consisting largely of volcanic fragments |
| Lava | Molten rock which has solidified on the surface of the Earth |
| Limestone | An example of sedimentary rock made from the remains of tiny shellfish. |
| Magma | Molten rock formed when rocks of the mantle or crust melt / hot liquid rock inside the Earth |
| Mantle | Thickest section of the Earth, sits underneath the crust. It is made up of semi-molten rock called magma. |
| Marble | Metamorphic rock made from chalk |
| Mercalli scale | Used for measuring earthquake intensity |
| Metamorphic rock | Formed when rocks are subjected to long periods of high pressure or heat without melting |
| Molten | Liquid (melted) |
| Obsidian | A shiny black igneous rock |
| Oceanic | Type of crust that carries water |
| Outer core | The liquid part of the core (molten iron and nickel) |
| Pumice | An example of an extrusive igneous rock (A light volcanic rock with gas holes) |
| Rhyolite | Magma that contains about 70% silica flows like tar is very viscous and most explosive, forms dome and caldera volcanoes such as Mt Tarawera or Taupo. |
| Richter scale | Scale for measuring magnitude of an earthquake. |
| Sandstone | An example of a sedimentary rock |
| Sedimentary rock | Rocks formed from layers of deposition and cementation of rock fragments e.g. sandstone |
| Seismic waves | Waves which travel out from the focus of an earthquake |
| Seismograph | Instrument which records earthquake waves |
| Shale | Compressed mud, an example of a sedimentary rock |
| Slate | Metamorphic rock formed from shale |
| Spreading zone | Where plates move apart at mid-ocean ridges |
| Subduction | When one tectonic plate is pushed down under another at a collision boundary |
| Tectonic plates | The crust is made up of 12 major plates that are moving at different speeds and directions |
| Tsunami | Tidal wave |
| Volcano | A hole or vent in the Earth’s surface where molten rock, gas and ash are erupted. |
| Weathering | Breaking down of rocks on Earth’s surface |
Created by:
kjsime
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