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Rocks&Minerals
Rocks and Minerals vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Density | the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume |
| Percent error | the numerical amount, expressed as a percent, by which a measurement differs from a given standard or accepted value |
| Mass | the amount of matter in an object |
| Mineral | a naturally occurring, crystalline solid having a definite chemical composition and physical and chemical properties that vary within specified limits; has a unique crystal (atomic) structure |
| Rock | any naturally formed solid on Earth or in any part of the universe |
| Mantle | the mostly solid part of Earth between the crust and the outer core |
| Intrusive (igneous rock) | a rock that forms by the cooling and solidification of magma beneath earth’s solid surface |
| Extrusive (igneous rock) | a rock formed by solidification of lava at or above Earth’s surface; also called volcanic igneous rock |
| Felsic | refers to the chemical composition of igneous rocks; rocks are lighter in color, lower in density and rich in silicon and aluminum. Examples: granite, pegmatite, rhyolite |
| Mafic | refers to the chemical composition of igneous rocks; rocks are darker in color, higher in density and rich in iron and magnesium. Examples: gabbro, dunite, periodotite |
| Volcano | a mound or mountain composed of extrusive (volcanic) igneous rock |
| Rock cycle | a model of the interrelationships of the different rock types. The material they form from and the processes that produce the rocks |
| Contact metamorphism | process in which older rocks come in contact with the magma of an intrusion or lava of an extrusion and the heat and mineral fluids of the liquid rock alter the older rock by recrystallization |
| Regional metamorphism | process of formation of metamorphic rock over large area due to an increase in temperature and pressure, usually as the result of mountain building associated with plate collision or convergence |
| Texture | the roughness or smoothness of a surface; the size, shape and arrangements of the mineral crystals, sediments, clasts, and glass that make up a rock. Examples: glassy, fine, coarse or very coarse |
| Lava | liquid rock material at or above Earth’s surface; the extrusive or volcanic igneous rock that forms from solidification of liquid lava |
| Magma | liquid rock material beneath Earth’s solid surface |
| Deposition | the process by which sediments are released, dropped, or settled from erosional systems |
| Compaction | the reduction in volume of sediments in the formation of sedimentary rocks |
| Cementation | the process by which solid sediments or clasts are “glued” together by precipitated minerals, forming a sedimentary rock |
| Heating and pressure | a process in the rock cycle which can turn a sedimentary rock into a metamorphic rock, or an igneous rock may be turned into a metamorphic rock |
| Sediment | particles or materials formed by the weathering and erosion of rocks or organic materials |
| Grain size | the size of the grains that make up a rock, which helps to classify the type of rock |
| Banding | the layered arrangement of mineral crystals in some medium to coarse |
| Inorganic | not organic, thus not part of a life form or made by living or former life forms |
| Organic | an earth material that is composed of and/or was formed by life forms |
| Crystal | the individual mineral grains of many rocks; a solid with a definite internal structure of atoms arranged in a characteristic, regular, repeating pattern |
| Melting | the change in state or phase from a solid to a liquid |
| Foliation | texture of metamorphic rocks caused by the layering of mineral crystals |
| Igneous Rocks | rocks formed when natural molten rock-forming material (magma or lava) cools and turns into a solid—above, below, or on earth’s surface |
| Metamorphic Rocks | rocks that form from changes in previously existing rock (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) due to heat, pressure and/or chemical fluids (not weathering or melting) |
| Sedimentary Rocks | rocks that form directly from sediments deposited near Earth’ surface by the processes of cementation, precipitation of minerals, loss of water, and compaction |
Created by:
Room224
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