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AP biology midterm
Vocabulary section for midterm
| Weak temporary bonds between polar molecules due to their small charges | hydrogen bond |
| weak bond leading to cohesion in water and holding DNA strands together | hydrogen bond |
| The idea of keeping the internal environment of an organism at a constant level | homeostasis |
| Maintaining blood sugar, temperature, and water levels along with others at a constant level | homeostasis |
| This is the one enzyme used during transcription | RNA Polymerase |
| This enzyme attaches to the TATA box | RNA Polymerase |
| 3' to 5' | lagging strand |
| Okazaki fragments must be connected on the _________ strand | lagging |
| 3 nucleotides on mRNA | Codon |
| codes for one amino acid | Codon |
| pairs with 3 base pairs on mRNA | anticodon |
| 3 nucleotides on tRNA | anticodon |
| site where polypeptide bonds form during translation | P-site |
| a polypeptide begins to form off this site on a ribosome | P-site |
| this binds to the promotor region | transcription factor |
| this helps RNA polymerase being transcription by allowing it to attach to the promotor | transcription factor |
| when a host cell helps assemble a virus | lytic cycle |
| cycle where a virus uses a cell to produce viral proteins and nucleic acids | lytic |
| cycle where viral DNA incorporates with the host cell's DNA | lysogenic |
| this type of cycle is characteristic of a Bacteriophage | lysogenic |
| when a virus introduces new DNA to bacteria allowing for genetic variation | transduction |
| when a portion of viral DNA is swapped with bacterial DNA during the lytic cycle | transduction |
| when DNA is exchanged between two bacteria | conjugation |
| When a donor bacteria sends chromosomes to a bacteria where the chromosomes are incorporated, creating genetic variation in the bacteria | conjugation |
| when a bacteria absorbs DNA from its surroundings | transformation |
| Griffith's experiments demonstrated this idea | transformation |
| protein coat on a virus | capsid |
| portion of a virus that incloses the genetic material | capsid |
| a virus that attacks bacteria | Bacteriophage |
| uses recombinant DNA | Bacteriophage |
| a segment of DNA that codes for hereditary information | Gene |
| A chromosome consists of a long strand of DNA that consists of thousands of ______. | genes |
| A threadlike gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. | Chromosome |
| A centromere connects two sister chromatids forming a ______. | chromosome |
| an aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens | translocation |
| attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome | translocation |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) relies on this process to produce an artificial synthesis of existing DNA | DNA Replication |
| This process takes place during the S phase of a eukaryotic cell | DNA Replication |
| The process of creating mRNA from DNA | Transcription |
| This process is divided into pre-initiation, initiation, promoter clearance, elongation and termination. | Transcription |
| The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. | Translation |
| The process of passing information from mRNA to tRNA in order to create a protein | Translation |
| The fact that half of DNA runs in a 3' to 5' fashion and the other half runs in a 5' to 3' fashion. | Antiparallel |
| This property is best exemplified through the leading and lagging strands in DNA | Antiparallel |
| Since half of a DNA is always old during replication, DNA is considered _______ | semi-conservative |
| This property of DNA was verified by the Meselson-Stahl Experiment which used Nitrogen isotopes. | semi-conservative |
| a region of repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from destruction | Telomere |
| As organisms age, their _______, a part of DNA, becomes shorter | telomeres |
| a DNA region that is not translated to protein | introns |
| Spliceosomes are used to splice _______ | introns |
| distance between two genes | genetic map unit |
| These ________ are used to create linkage maps | genetic map units |
| a gene that produces an observable effect in an organism only in conjunction with another gene | complementary gene |
| a gene that is in conjunction with another gene | complementary gene |
| intercellular connections between numerous animal cells. directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells.[ | gap junction |
| analogous to plasmodesmata that connect plant cells | gap junction |
| connections between cell walls of plant cells that allow for transport and communication | plasmodesmata |
| helps transport proteins and RNA, among other things, through plant cells | plasmodesmata |
| A structure that forms the site of adhesion between two cells | desmosome |
| consists of a dense plate in each adjacent cell separated by a thin layer of extracellular material. | desmosome |
| Glycolysis + ___________ make up Anaerobic Respiration | Fermentation |
| Process by which an electron from NADH is donated to another molecule | Fermentation |
| Chlorophyll in plants is an example of this | Accessory Pigment |
| Captures light energy necessary for photosynthesis in the Chloroplast | Accessory Pigment |
| Located in the Thylakoid and involved in Photosynthesis | Photosystems |
| P680 and P700 in Photosynthesis are examples of these | Photosystems |
| Uses light as a measuring device | Spectrophotometer |
| Can find the concentration of a substance by the amount of light passing through the tube | Spectrophotometer |
| Proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle | Cyclin |
| These proteins are responsible for the activities of the cell cycle | Cyclin |
| An enzyme that transfers phosphates from ATP to specific substrates | Kinase |
| Transfers phosphates during Phosphorylation | Kinase |
| This stops cells from replicating when nutrients run scarce | Density-dependent Inhibition |
| A reduction of cell replication when the population reaches a certain density | Density-dependent Inhibition |
| the necessity for a cell to anchor in order to grow in cell culture | Anchorage Dependency |
| When contact is necessary for cell division | Anchorage Dependency |
| The life cycle of plants | Alternation of Generations |
| A multicellular diploid phase alternates with a multicellular haploid phase | Alternation of Generations |
| Produces Male or Female Gametes (or both) through Mitosis | Gametophyte |
| In plants this is a multicellular structure that is haploid and contains a single set of chromosomes | Gametophyte |
| Exchange of Genetic materials between homologous chromosomes | Crossing Over |
| Occurs during prophase I of metaphase | Crossing Over |
| Chromosomes that pair in the synapse during cell division | Homologous Chromosomes |
| A pair of chromosomes containing the same gene sequence | Homologous Chromosomes |
| A mixture of this results in an element | Isotope |
| An atomic form of an element that contains a different number of neutrons and differs in atomic mass | Isotope |
| A molecule or atom with a charge | Ion |
| Any 2 of these with opposite charges can form an ionic bond | Ion |
| Liquid rising in a thin tube | Capillary Action |
| Flow of water through soil is an example | Capillary Action |
| The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from liquid to gas. | Heat of Vaporization |
| Waters high _______________ helps moderate Earth's climate. | Heat of Vaporization |
| Water's ability to stabilize temperature depends on this being high. | Specific Heat |
| The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 G of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius. | Specific Heat |
| Buffers the pH of blood and oceans | Bicarbonate ion |
| HCO3- | Bicarbonate ion |
| Pure water has a 7 on the ___ scale. | pH |
| Between 7 and 14, this is basic. Between 0 and 7, this is acidic. | pH |
| Each protein has a unique 3-d shape that provides for this | Protein conformation |
| Because of this, proteins are the most structurally sophisticated molecules known of | Protein conformation |
| Lipids with a carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings | Steroids |
| Vary in the functional groups attached to the rings that fuse together to create it | Steroids |
| A condensation reaction where the molecule that is lost is water | Dehydration |
| A type of synthesis | Dehydration |
| A simple molecule is lost in this type of chemical reaction | Synthesis/condensation |
| The less specific way in which glygosidic linkage occurs | Synthesis/condensation |
| In this process, polymers are disassembled into monomers. | Hydrolysis |
| The reverse of the dehydration reaction | Hydrolysis |
| Multiple genes affect one trait but they are not additive | Epistasis |
| Type of inheritance where multiple genes effect one trait | Epistasis |
| A male is given an X chromosome with a little r, which causes him to have red-green colorblindness. What type of trait is this? | Sex-Linked Trait |
| A plant cell full of water | Turgid |
| A hypotonic environment causes a plant cell to become ____. | Turgid |
| NADH and FADH2 are examples of these. | Electron Carriers |
| These take the electrons to the Electron Transport Chain after the Krebs Cycle | Electron Carriers |
| This is measured by how acidic or basic a solution is. | pH |
| The other factor that effects enzymes besides heat and salinity. | pH |
| A specific receptor site on an enzyme remote from the active site. | Allosteric site |
| When molecules bind to this it changes the shape of the active site, making it more or less receptive to the substrate. | Allosteric site |
| Process that makes ATP from glucose without the electron transport chain. | Fermentation |
| Produces ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. | Fermentation |
| The inner area of the mitochondrion | Matrix |
| Where the Krebs Cycle takes place | Matrix |
| Nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds the RNA polymerase. | Promoter |
| Where transcription starts | Promoter |
| Part of the cytoskeleton made of actin | Microfilaments |
| These help with cell division by helping with the formation of the cleavage furrow. | Microfilaments |
| a form of passive transport facilitated by transport proteins | facilitated transport |
| The spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane transport proteins is called _____________. | facilitated transport |
| the engulfing of solid particles by the cell membrane | phagocytosis |
| homologous to eating at the level of single-celled organisms | phagocytosis |
| hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail, make up a bilayer | Phospholipids |
| head is phosphate group, tail is two fatty acids | Phospholipids |
| Part of the cells structural network within the membrane, help seperate chromosomes during cell division | Microtubules |
| part of the cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells | Microtubules |
| the thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells | Microfilaments |
| They are composed predominantly of a contractile protein called actin. can also carry out cellular movements including gliding, contraction, and cytokinesis. | Microfilaments |
| This type of solution contains a greater concentration of impermeable solutes than the solution on the other side of the membrane. | Hypertonic |
| A ___________ environment forces water to leave the cell so that the shape of the cell becomes distorted and wrinkled | Hypertonic |
| group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelles. | Prokaryotic |
| bacteria and the archaea; usually uni-cellular. | Prokaryotic |
| the contraction of a cell after exposure to a hypertonic solution, due to the loss of water through osmosis | Crenation |
| When cancerous cells break off from original tumor and are transported to other parts of the body (often through bloodstream) | Metastasis |
| When you cross a homozygous recessive individual with an individual of an unknown genotype but dominant phenotype | test cross |
| A symbol used to represent a side chain in an inorganic compund. | R group |
| A structure of proteins, characterized by a single, spiral chain of amino acids. | Alpha helix |
| A structure that occurs in many proteins and consists of two or more parallel adjacent polypeptide chains arranged so that hydrogen | Beta sheets |
| A sulfur-to-sulfur bond linking the sulfur atoms of two polypeptide chains | Disulfide bridges |
| a site on a multi-subunit enzyme, that when reversibly bound by an effector induces a conformational change in the enzyme, altering its catalytic properties | Allosteric site |
| a type of enzyme inhibition that reduces the maximum rate of a chemical reaction without changing the apparent binding of the catalyst for the substrate | non-competitive inhibitor |
| the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process can occur | Activation enegry |
| A reaction where energy is transfered from one side of the reaction to the other | coupled reactions |
| the addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organic molecule | phosphorylation |
| breakdown in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones together with release of energy | catabolism |
| of a process accompanied by or requiring the absorption of energy | endergonic |
| substance that must join with another to produce a given result | cofactors |
| the component of an animal or plant tissue that is outside the cell | matrix |
| defines the axeonme structure | 9 x 2 structure |
| type of electron microscope that usesa high-energy beam of electrons in a raster scan pattern | SEM |
| a process that malignant tumors go through, but benign tumors don't | metastasis |
| a method used to distinguish a heterozygous individual from a homozygous dominant individual that involves crossing with another individual whose genotype can be easily determined by its phenotype | test cross |
| are generally circular and found in DNA | plasmid |
| separate from the bacterial chromosome and can replicate by itself | plasmid |
| used to digest lactose | lac operon |
| is not used when lactose is present | lac operon |
| includes the TATA box which is what RNA polymerase and the transcription factors bind to during transcription | promoter |
| DNA bending allows activators to come closer to it | promoter |
| controls the speed of transcription | repressor |
| attach to the operator during transcription | repressor |
| made of spliced exons | primary transcript |
| also known as pre mRNA and is the product of transcription | primary transcript |
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