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PNS - PCC

PNS - first lecture exam

QuestionAnswer
What does the sympathetic system control? All visceral structures in the body except for constrictor pupillae muscle
Where do fibers of gray ramus communicans originate from? Paravertebral ganglion
Largest sensory neuron of the body? Where is it located? 1. Gasserian, trigeminal, semilunar ganglia 2. Anterior and superior aspect of the pons
___ carry fibers form the face to the gasserian ganglia. Dendrites
___carryfibersfrom the gasserian ganglia to CNS Axon
All efferent CNs have how many nucleus of origin? The nucleus of origine are all clustered within the ____. At least 1...CNS
Where do fibers of afferent CNs originate? Outside the CNS in sensory ganglia or special sense organs
What does somaesthisia mean? General body sensation
Primary somesthetic or pseudounipolar neurons give rise to longer ___ and a short ___. Cell bodies located where? 1. Peripheral process (dendrites) 2. Central process (axons) 3. Close to CNS
What's diffrent in the morphology of peropheral and central processes of special sense organs? (ears, nose) Short peripheral processes, long central processes
Central processes pass to the CNs where they end in a ____. Now what are they called? 1. Nucleus of termination 2. Secondary neurons
What carries motor neurons from nuclei of origin to its target? axons
Taste: 1. Facial 2. Glossopharyngeal 3. Vagus 1. Anterior two thirds of tongue and soft palate 2. Posterior one third of tongue 3. Epiglottis
Nasal muscosa of entire nasal cavity is called what? Scheiderian membrane
Where is the nucelus of termination located for CN 1? Olfactory bulb
1. Optic nerve converges to form the what? 2. Then ___ diverge from here. 3. Where does this attach? 1. Optic chiasma 2. Optic tract 3. Metathalamus (lateral geniculate)
Apparent origin of CN 3? In the interpeduncular fossa
1. CN 4 is the smallest in ___ and ___. 2. Where is its apparent origin? 1. Diameter and number of fibers 2. Dosal aspect of the pons
1. How many muscles does trigeminal innervate? 2. What are they in general? 1. 8 2. Muscles of mastication (4), 2 in deglutition, 1 in middle ear, 1 in soft palate
Apparent origin of CN 6 Ateroposterior aspect of MO : in the inferior pontine sulcus at the base of the pyramids
Apparent origin of CN 7 is in the upper most aspect of the sulcus between ___ and ___ Olive and restiform body
What is the restiform body? Inferior cerebellar peduncle
CN 8 is also known as what? Purely sensory to ___ and ____. 1. Statoacousticum 2. Hearing and equilibrium
Apparent origin of CN 8? Immediatly caudal to CN 7 between olive and restiform body
CN 9 is a mixed nerve to what? Back of the oral cavity (including tongue), adjacent to pharyngeal structures
Apparent origin of CN 9? Immediatly caudal to CN 8, between olive and restiform body
1. CN 9 provides taste where? 2. Specifically? 1. Posterior one third of tongue 2. Vallate papilla
1. Largest component of parasympathetic nervous system 2. What does it supply? 1. Vagus 2. Greater splanchnic organs in thorax and abdomen down to the splenic flexure of colon
CN 10 is the ____ cranial nerve. It carries somatic motor fibers from the bulbar portion of ___ to muscles of the ___, ____ and ____ 1. Longest 2. CN 11 3. Palate, pharynx, Larynx
What gives the vagus nerve its somatic motor function? Fibers from the cranial or bulbar part of CN 11
3 types of fibers found in the centrum semiovale and provide examples. 1. Commisural fibers : Corpus collosum 2. Association fibers: Connect adjacent gyri 3. Projection fibers: corona radiata
Upper motor neurons pass downward through the ____ and converge where via what? 1. Corona radiata 2. Genu via external capsule
1. 2 parts of CN 11 2. Where does the first part originate and what does it do? 1. Cranial (bulbar) division, Spinal division 2. MO : supplies somatic function to vagus innervating muscles of pharynx, larynx and palate
Where does the spinal division of CN 11 originate? Where does it enter? Where does it exit> What does it do? 1. Upper 5 cervical cord levels 2. Foramen magnum 3. Jugular foramen 4. SCM, trap
Hypoglossal is known as what nerve? Apparent origin? 1. Motor nerve to musculature of the tongue 2. Anterolateral sulcus of MO (between olive and pyramids)
1. Purely motor CNs 2. Purely sensory CNs 1: 3,4,6,11,12 2: 1,2,8
1. Mixed cranial nerves 2. CNs providing occular movements 1: 5,7,9,10 2: 3,4,6
CNs carrying parasympathetic fibers 3,7,9,10
1. How many CNs are related to a nucleus of termination? 2. Nucelus of origin? 1. Seven 2. Nine
1. Concious correlation of sensory and motor pathways is acheived where? 2. 2 neurons involved in somatic motor pathway 1. Cerebral cortex 2. Upper and lower motor neurons
1. Upper motor neurons are found where? 2. Which brodmann area is this? 1. Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe 2. number 4
What constitutes the motor homunculus? Upper motor neurons
1. Fibers in the precentral gyrus pass through the ___ of the ___. 2. From here, where do they go? 1. Corona radiata of centrum semiovale 2. Geniculum of internal capsule
1. Upper motor neurons decussate where? 2. Then what do they do? 1. Brainstem 2. Synapse with neurons on opposite side of the brain which constitutes the nucelus of origin
Nuclei of origin is formed by what cells? Lower motor neurons
A lesion in any of the 4 sensory neurons will cause what? Hypasthesia
1/ Lower motor neurons (cell bodies) are located in the ___ for cranial nerves. 2. Where are the LMN cell bodies located for spinal nerves? 3. What are these literally? 1. Brainstem 2. Anterior gray column of spinal cord 3. Nuclei of origin!
5 clinical manifestations of upper motor neuron lesions 1. Spastic paralysis 2. Hyperreflexia 3. Hypertonicity 4. Clonus 5. Postive Babinski sign
4 clinical manifestations of lower motor neuron lesions 1. Flacid paralysis 2. Hyporeflexia 3. Hypotonicity 4. Atrophy
Upper motor neurons are sometimes refered to as ____ fibers Pyramidal
Trace the path of a motor neuron from the cortex Cerebral cortex : corona radiata: internal capsul: geniculate: cerebral peduncles: decussates in brainstem
Upper motor neurons, without exception, synapse where? 1. Anterior gray collum of each of the 31 cord levels 2. Lowere motor neurons innervate skeltal system
Most common cause for upper motor lesion is hypertonicity from a ___. CVA
What cord levels? 1. Patellar reflex 2. Achilles reflex 1. L2, L3
1. Primary sensory neurons are what kind of neurons? 2. Where do they orginate? 1. Pseudounipolar neurons 2. In a sensory ganglia outside of CNS (gasserain, DRG, Etc)
Axons of primary sensory neurons do what? Synapse inside the CNS at a nucleus of termination
Nuclei of termination are composed of what cells? secondary sensory neurons
1. seondary sensory neurons give rise to fibers that join what tracts? 2. Where do secondary sensory neurons terminate? 1. Spinothalamic tracts of opposite side 2. VPL of thalamus
Where do sensory tracts such as spinothlamics originate? Posterior horn
Tertiary sensory neurons do what? Ascend up through: posterior limb of internal capsul then to corona radiata of centrum semiovale then synapse on postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
1. Where do tertiary sensory neurons synapse? 2. What specific brodmann area? 1. Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe 2. 3, 1, 2
What is the ultimate level of conscious interpretation of sensory impressions? Brodmann area 1, 2, 3: Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
Somatic sensory pathway Primary = Sensory ganglia Secondary = CNS Tertiary = VPL of thalamus Quatinary = Postcentral gyrus brodmann areas 1, 2, 3
Which sensory neurons may be variable? Primary or secondary
After a sensation is taken up to postcentral gyrus, what makes connections to BR area 4 to ellicit a motor response? Association fibers
After the tyranosaurus bites your nose, association fibers take that info to what BRs for future recognition? 5, 7, 39, 40
What do association fibers do? Make connections in same hemisphere
1. Nerve cell; conducting medium of nervous system 2. Process carrying into to perikaryon 3. Process carrying infor away from perikaryon 1. Neuron 2. Dendrite 3. Axon
What is a nucleus? A collection of neurons in the CNS
1. Most common type of neuron 2. Found where? 1. Multipolar 2. Nuclei and visceral plexus
What is a ganglion? Collection of neurons in the periphery
Only 4 places where neurons are located? Cortex, Nuclei, Ganglia, Speacial sense organs
1. Do sympathetics control every tissue in the body? 2. How? 1. Yes 2. Because it controls all blood supply to the body
3 types of nerves the PNS consists of (3 components) Cranial, Visceral, Spinal
1. How many cranial nerves? 2. How many spinal nerves? 1. 12 PAIRS 2. 31 PAIRS
Cranial nerves either have a nucleus of origina for ___ or a nucleus of termination for ____ nerve. 1. Motor 2. Sensory
3 roots of spinal nerves Anterior spinal nerve root, Posterior spinal nerve root, gray ramus communicans
Each spinal nerve also has 3 branches: what are they? Anterior primary division, Posterior primary division, Reccurent meningial
What contributes to the formation of somatic nerve plexuses? Anterior primary division
1. What does the recurrent meningeal nerve supply? 2. May be the cause of what? 1. Blood vessels of spinal cord 2. ALS
System that regulates and controls internal environement and body homeostasis PNS
Visceral fibers are carried by certain ___ and ___ nerves Cranial and Spinal
What does the visceral system control? Involuntary organs, Visceral tissue, smooth muscle, Blood vessels of gut, Cardiac muscle, Glands
What denotes the parasympathetic division? CNs 3, 7, 9, 10 and S2-S4
1. The parasympathetic division is primarily concered with what? 2. 4 examples 1. Greater splanchnic organs 2. Lungs, Heart, Digestive systems, Urogenital systems
What denotes the sympathetic or thoracolumbar system? T1-L2
What does the term "trophic" refer to in regards the sympathetic system? Refers to the fact that sympathetics control blood supply to every tissue in the body
What is the largest division of spinal nerves? Anterior primary division
1. Perhaps the most important division of spinal nerve 2. Why? 1. Reccurent meningeal 2. Supplies blood supply to cord which in turn allows the cord to function
Only division of CN 5 that carries motor fibers? Mandibular division
3 types of CNs Motor, Sensory, Mixed
CNs that possess a nucleus of origin Motor
Motor fibers carry impulses which elicit some response of an effector organ such as ___ or ___ Contraction of a muscle or secretion of a gland
2 special sense organs Cochlea, Olfactory mucosa
Only 2 places outside of sensory ganglia that contain primary sensory neurons Cochlea, Olfactory Mucosa
What carries primary sensory neurons from wherever to sensory ganglia? Dendrites
What carries primary sensory neurons from sensory ganglia to CNS? Axons
Olfaction nerve AKA Nerve of osmia
1. Primary sensory olfaction neurons are located where? 2. This is called what? 1. Olfactory mucosa of upper nasal cavity 2. Bowman's membran
Primary sensory olfaction neurons in bowman's membrane are what kind of neurons? Bipolar
1. Primary sensory olfaction neurons synapse where? 2. What kind of cells? 1. Olfactory bulb 2. secondary neurons
Neurons that give rise to fibers of the optic nerve are located where? Ganglionic layer of retina
1. Principal nucleus of ocular movement? 2. What type? 1. Oculomotor 2. Motor
CN 3 supplies 7 muscles. ___ somatic and ___ smooth 1. 5 2. 2
1. CN 4 is motor to what? 2. What does this muscle do? 1. Obliquus oculi superioris 2. Causes eye to look inferolaterally
1. Largest CN in diameter 2. what kind of nerve is this? 1. CN 5 2. Mixed
Apparent origin of CN 5? Side of the pons varoli
1. Muscle that CN 6 supplies. 2. Action? 1. Lateral rectus 2. Abducts eye
The facial nerve is a ___ nerve known as what? 1. Mixed 2. Great nerve of facial expression
3 glands that parasympathetic facial fibers innervate Submandibular, Sublingual, Lacrimal
2 things the motor division of CN 9 supplies Stylopharyngeus and parotid gland
What is esentially the "organ" of olfaction? Bowman's membrane
The optic tract connects to the ___ Lateral geniculate
Projection fibers in the centrum semiovale that travel up to the cortex Corona radiata
CVAs most commonly affect what area of cortex? The part that supplies the tongue
Only CN to have a part of its origin outside the cranial vault CN 11
Considered to be the most highly coordinated voluntary muscle in the body tongue
How many neurons are involved in somatic sensory pathway? 4
Where is the ultimate level of conscious correlation between motor and sensory pathways? Cerebral cortex
Where are bipolar cells found? Only in the cochlea and olfactory mucosa (bowman's membrane)... special senses!!
Unipolar or pseudounipolar cells are found where? Sensory ganglia!!
Crista gali provides attachement for what? Falx cerebri
Where are bipolar cells of neurons of olfaction located? In the organ of osmia which is located in the olfactory mucosa or bowman's membrane
Where is bowman's membrane found? Covers the superior nasal concha and adjacent part of lamina perpendicularis
Tiny dendrite endings in the __ pick up the starting point of olfaction. Where do these fibers carry sensation to? 1. Nasal cavity 2. Primary bipolar cells in olfactory mucosa
Fibers from primary sensory neurons are gathered into 15 to 20 bundles called what? Composed of what? Fila olfactoris, 40 to 50 thousand axons
Where does the fila travel? Where do they synapse? 1. UP through olfactory foramina of cribriform plate 2. secondary olfactory neurons in olfactory bulb
How many primary olfactory neurons are there? 800 thousand
1. secondary neurons of olfaction? 2. Thses constitute a what? 1. Mitral cells 2. Nucleus of termination
1. secondary olfactory neurons pass through a constricted part of olfactory bulb known as what? 2. This gives rise to what? 1. Olfactory stalk or tract 2. Medial and lateral striae
Where do medial and lateral striae attach? The anterior perforated substance on under surface of forebrain
The medial striae ends where? subcollosal area
1. Where is the subcollosal area? 2. 2 areas this consists of? 1. Beneath rostrum of corpus collosum 2. Parolfactory area and Paraterminal area
1. Front part of subcollosal area? 2. Back part? 1. Parolfactory area 2. Paraterminal
The subcollosal area is connected to the ____? What connects it? 1. Parahippacampal gyrus 2. cingulum
Fibers of lateral striae pass to where? (3) Parahippocampal gyrus, Uncus gyrus (BR 4), Pririform area (on medial aspect of temporal lobe)
What is considered the brain center for olfaction? Uncus gyrus
The olfactory brain is connected to the visceral brain by the way of the what? Fornix!
What comes up out of the fornix above the parahippocampal gyrus? This forms 2 what? 1. Fimbria 2. Crura
The 2 crura converge to form the ____ which gives rise to 2 ___. 1. Body of the fornix 2. Collumns
The 2 collums end in the what? Mammilary bodies
The olfactory brain is sometimes called the what? Rhinencephelon
Where are tertiary olfactory fibers located? olfaction In the cortex
Body of fornix connects what to what? Parahippacampal gyri to mammilary body (olfactory brain to visceral brain)
Damage to rhinencephelon may cause what? What causes anosmia? 1. Hyposmia 2. Destruction of bowman's membrane
1. Medial striae ends where? 2. Lateral? 1. Subcollosal area 2. BR 34, Parahippocampal, Uncus gyrus, Piriform area
Where is the location of synapse between primary and secondary olfactory neurons? Glomeruli of olfactory bulb
What makes up the olfactory stalk secondary neurons
Trace the path of the medial stria Submucosal area - cingulum gyrus - parahippacampal - fimbria - crura - body - collum (fornix) - mammilary body - lamina terminalis
Trace the path of the lateral stalk Terminates in piriform area : uncus gyrus: BR 34
___ maintains shape of eyeball. First part of eye that the light enters 1#. Sclera 2. Cornea
The optic nerve is composed of fibers from the ___ layer of the retina and forms the ___ layer of the retina while still in the eyeball 1. Ganglionic 2. Stratum opticum
3 coats or tunics of the eyeball 1. Fibrous 2. Vascular 3. Nervous
1. OUter coat of eye 2. 2 components 1. Fibrous tunic 2. Sclera and cornea
The sclera occupies the posterior ___ of the outer coat. The translucent cornea occupies the anterior ___ of the outer coat 1. Posterior four fifths 2. Anterior one fifth
Scond, intermediate coat of eye? 3 major coimponents? 1. Vascular tunic 2. Choroid, Cilliary body, Iris
What forms the cilliary body? Choroid
What does cilliary body do? Contracts cilliary muscle which varies focal power of lens
The cillary body is attached to the lens via what? Suspensory ligament
Inner most tunic called what? How many layers? 1. Nervous tunic or retina 2. 10 layers
10 layers of retina from vitreous body to choroid (inside-out) Membrana limitans internum-stratum opticum-ganglionic-inner plexiform-inner nuclear-outer plexiform-outer nuclear-membrana limitans externum-cementing layer
What layer is known as jacob's membrane? Rods and cones layer
Visual images are initially received via what? Rods and cones in jacob's membrane
Fibers from rods and cones synapse with neurons in what layer? Inner nuclear layer
Fibers from inner nuclear layer synapse where? Neurons in ganglionic layer (3rd layer)
Fibers from ganglionic layer are gathered into what layer? Stratum opticum
From the 2 halves of the eye, the fibers of stratum opticum converge towar the back of the eye to form the what? located where? 1. Optic papillus 2. Just medial to posterior central axis of eyeball
1. Optic papillus aka what? Fibers are redirected backwards gathered into bundles which penetrate the choroid and sclera through openings in the ____? 1. Colliculus or optic disc 2. Lamina cribrosa sclera
Nuclei where are not located in cytoplasm of cells Outer nuclear layer
Defect in layer 10 may cause what? detached retina
What consitutes retina proper? Retina minus non-neuronal layers
Fiber from what layer form the optic nerve? Stratum opticum
Upon emerging from the eyeball, fibers of optic nerve enter the cranial vault through what? Optic foramen in lesser wing of the sphenoid
1. In the cranial vault, the 2 optic nerves converge to form what? 2. What fibers decussate here? 1. Optic chiasma 2. Nasal half of both eyes
Optic chiasma is located just in front of ___ and above the ___. 1. Infundibulum 2. Pituitary gland
Optic chiasma is positioned on ___ and anterior portion of ___ Turberculum sellae - diaphragma sellae
2 fibers that form the optic tract Temporal half of eye on same side and nasal half of eye on opposite side
Fibers in optic tract carry impulses of images from where? Opposite half of visual feild
3 nuclei of termination associated with vision Lateral geniculate + Pretectal nucleus + Superior colluculus
1. Principal nucleus of termination for vision 2. It gives rise to cortical fibers that end where? 1. Lateral geniculate body 2. Cortical center for vision (lower cuneus gyrus, calcarine sulcus, BR 17)
What are the 3 neurons of the retina? Primary = rods and cones (jacob's membrane) Secondary = Inner nuclear layer Tertiary = ganglionic layer
4th sensory neurons are where? (vision) 5th? 1. Lateral geniculate 2. Brodmann 17
1. Sensitive to dark 2. Sensitive to light 1. Rods 2. Cones
Order of neurons in the visual pathway 1. Jacob's membrane (rods and cones) 2. Inner nuclear layer 3. Ganglionic layer 4. Lateral geniculate 5. BR 17
3 non neural layers of retina Cementing layer, Membrana limitans externa, Membrana limitans interna
What layer of retina binds retina to choroid Cementing layer or pigmented layer
Outer nuclear layer contains cell bodies composed of what? Primary sensory neurons
What happens in outer plexiform layer? Synapse between primary and secondary neurons
What happens in inner nuclear layer? Nothing, it just contains secondary sensory neurons
What layer does secondary and tertiary neurons synapse in? Inner plexiform layer
Tertiary cells bodies that give rise to optic nerve hang out in what layer? Ganglionic layer
Axons that make up optic nerve are in what layer? Stratum opticum
What connects medial geniculate to medial geniculate? Commissure of gudden
FUntion of commissure of gudden Enhances stereotrophic affects
Some fibers of the lateral geniculate body establishes connections with ___ and ___ concurrently with cortical center for vision 1. Pretectal nucleus 2. Superior collicullus
What does the pretectal nucleus of termination do? It is a reflex nucleus: Connects with nucleus occulomotorius effecting reflex movements of eyes relative to visual image
The superior colliculus nucleus of termination gives rise to fibers of the ___. What do these fibers do? 1. Tectospinal tract 2. Synapse with cells of anterior gray column of cervical cord (affect reflex movements of neck relative to visual images)
The cortical center for vision, ____ receives images from opposite side ____ and ipsilateral ____ 1. Calcarine fissure (17) 2. Visual feild 3. Lateral geniculate body
Part of the corpus collosum that intergrates the 2 halves of visual feild Forceps posticus
Fibers of forceps posticus connects occipital lobes together and runs through the ___ of the corpus collosum Splenium
Lesion in right optic tract Lefet hemianopia (loss of visual perception on opposite half visual field)
Total transection of optic nerve blindness
Lesion in decussating fibers on optic chiasma Tunnel vision
Medial geniculate: major nuclei of what? Audition
The entire nervous structure of optic system is an outgrowth of the ___ Optic diverticulum
The optic nerve fibers have a thick ___ but lacks a ___. This is characteristic of true peripheral nerves 1. Medullary sheath 2. Nurilemma
Fibers from lateral geniculate can go to 1 of 3 places? 1. Cuneus gyrus of calcarine fissure (BR 17) 2. Pretectal nucleus 3. Superior colliculus
Smallest of nuclei of termination Pretectal nuclei : visual reflex of the eye...hooked up with occulomotor nucleus...follows objects with the eye
3 parts of corpus callosum from anterior to posterior Forceps anticus, Tapetum, Forceps posticus (larger)
What are the only fibers ever to synapse in the ciliary ganglion? Preganglionic visceral efferent fibers from edinger westphal's nucelus
1. Describe myopic vision 2. What muscle is responsible 3. What fibers innervates this muscle? 1. Increase in convexity of lens for visual accomodation of near objects 2. Ciliaris muscle 3. Postganglionic visceral efferent fibers from ciliary ganglion via short ciliary nerves
1. What kind of fibers is the visceral branch composed of? (CN4) 2. Where do these cells synapse? 1. Preganglionic visceral efferent 2. Ciliary ganglion (only fibers ever to synapse here)
The fibers of CN 3 have a ___ and ____. Neurolemma and meduallary sheath
1. What is epineurium? 2. How do all peripheral nerves obtain their epineurium? 1. Thick outer covering of a peripheral nerve 2. All peripheral nerves emerge from CNs by covering of PIA --- ARACHNOID --- DURA MATER. The dura mater outer covering is the epineurium
CN 3 supplies how many muscles? 5 skeletal and 2 smooth
1. The nucleus of origin (CN3) is found in the ___. 2. It lies in the ___ on the floor of the ___ near its junction with the ____ 1. Midbrain 2. Gray substance, Cerebral aquaduct, Third ventrical
1. Nucleus oculomotorious consists of how many small nuclei? 2. And what kind? 1. 6 2. 5 somatic and 1 visceral (parasympathetic)
1. Visceral nuclei of CN 3 is called what? 2. It is composed of what kind of fibers? 3. It is the most ___ of CN3 nuclei? 1. Nucleus od edinger-westphal 2. Preganglionic visceral efferent 3. superior
1. fibers from n. occulomotorius pass through the ___, ___ and the medial part of the ___. 2. From here, they emerge from the midbrain in the ___ just medial to the ____ 1. Tegmentum, Red nucleus, Substantia nigra 2. Oculomotro sulcus, Cerebral peduncles
Upon emerging from teh brain surface, CN 3 is covered with pia mater and is bathed in ___ of the ___. CSF of the interpeduncluar cistern
1. After CN 3 penetrates the dura and picks up its epineurium, it runs through the ___. 2. After exiting this, it exits the cranial vault via the ____ 1. Cavernous sinus 2. Superior orbital fissure
Immediatly uponb entering the eye socket, CN 3 splits into what? Superior and inferior rami
The superior ramus divides into 2 branches that supply what? Levator palpebrae superioris and rectus oculi superioris
Function of: 1. Levator palpebrae superioris 2. Rectus oculi superioris 1. Raises upper eyelid 2. Causes eye to look straight up
1. How many branches does the inferior ramus divide into? What kind? 1. 4 2. 3 somatic and 1 visceral
1. 3 somatic branches of inferior ramus 2. visceral branch supplies what? 1. first branch = medial rectus second branch = inferior rectus third branch = inferior oblique 2. Ciliary ganglion
Functions: 1. sup oblique 2. inf oblique 3. sup rectus 4. inf rectus 1. depresses, extorsion 2. elevates, extorsion 3. Elevates, intorsion 4. Depresses, intorsion
The viscedral branch of the inferior ramus is composed of ____ fibers which synapse in the ___. 1. Preganglionis 2. Ciliary ganglion
Postganglionic VE fibers from cilary ganglion run to the back of the eye as ___ nerves Short ciliary nerves
1. Short ciliary nerves innervate what? 2. What are their names? 1. 2 or 3 intrinsic muscles of the eye 2. Cilaris muscle and constrictor pupillae
1. Function of ciliaris muscle 2. What is this phenomena called? 1. Increases bi-convexity of the crytaline lens for visual accommodation for near objects 2. Myopic vision
1. Function of constrictor pupillae 2. innervation 1. Decrease amount of light entering the eyeball 2. Postganglionic VE fibers from ciliary ganglion
As CN 3 passes through the cavernous sinus it communicates with 2 things... Opthalmic division trigeminal and cavernous plexus
Function of communications in cavernous DVS: 1. opthalmic 2. Cavernous plexus 1. Proprioceptive fibers carry impulses from muscles supplied by occulomotor N.
Where is the cortical center for CN 3? and 4 and 6 for that matter. What brodmaa area is this? 1. Superior frontal gyrus 2. 8
What controls conjugate eye movements? BR 8
1. The intrinsic occular muscle not supplied by CN 3? 2. What innervates it? 1. Dilator pupillae 2. SNS
Communication fibers from CN 5 (ophthalmic) are simply what? Dendrites!
1. Without exception, visceral pathways contain how many neurons? 2. What are they and where are they located? 1. 2 2. Preganglionic: CNS and postganglionic: PNS
What is a communication? Simply anatomically related neutral structures without synapse!!
1. For every action effected by the parasympathetic nervous system there is an ... 1. Equal and antagonistic action effected by sympathetics
SNS controls every tissue in the body except what? constrictor pupillae muscles
SNS uses what 2 things to reach most of these tissues? Blood vascular system and somatic nervous system
Fibers from where communicates with CN 3 to supply vasomotor, secretomotor pilomotor effects related to structures of the head... Superior cervical ganglion
1. major extension of sympathetic fibers into the head arise from the apex of the ___ 2. They arise as what? 1. Superior cervical ganglion 2. Internal carotid nerve
The internal carotid nerve splits into a ___ and ___ branch which becomes a plexiform about the ____ Medial and lateral branch 2. Internal carotid artery
1. The lateral internal carotid nerve becomes to what? 2. Medial internal carotid nerve becomes what? 1. Internal carotid plexus 2. Cavernous plexus
Dendrites feeding proprioceptive input from CN 3 to ophthalmic division trigeminal synaspe where? Semilunar ganglion
1. Preganglionic neurons are located where? 2. What spinal nerve root carries them? 1. Lateral gray column of T1-L2 2. Anterior spinal nerve root
1. Preganglionic fibers arise from ant spinal nerve root asd what? 2. Where will these synapse? 1. White ramus communicans 2. Paravertebral ganglia
1. Preganglionic fibers from upper thoracics will ascend to ___ 2. "___" from lower thoracics will descend to ___ 3. What carries these ascending or descending fibers? 1. Cervical ganglia 2. Lower lumbar/sacral/coccygeal ganglia 3. Inerganglionic rami communicans
After preganglionics synapse in paravertebral ganglia at the desired level, what carries these now postganglionic fibers? Gray ramus communicans
Fibers that syapse with ciliary ganglion? Fibers that go through ciliary ganglion? 1. preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from edinger westphal 2. Postganglionic sympathetics from superior cervical ganglion
Major route of sympathetics into the cranial vault Cavernous plexus
CN 4 is the ___ nerve. Supplies what muscle? smallest, obliquus oculi superioris
Function of sup oblique? Causes eye to look Inferolaterally
1. N of origin of CN 4 is in the ___. 2. Located in gray matter or the floor of the ___ on upper part of the ___ 1. Midbrain 2. Sy;vian aquaduct and inferior colliculus
Fibers from the nucleus of origin pass ___ through the ___ of the cerebral peduncle 1. Posteriror 2. Tegmentum
CN 4 decussates with the what? It eventually emerges where? 1. Opposite side of the trochlear nerve (still within midbrain) 2. Behind inferior colliculus on dorsal aspect of midbrain
CN4 arches over the ___ and continues foward running parallel but below the ___. 1. Cerebral peduncle (brachium conjunctivum) 2. Optic tract
Before entering the eye socket, trochlear needs to pass through 2 places... (same as oculomotor) Cavernous sinus and SOF
1. 2 things the trochlear nerve communicates with. 2. Where does this communications happen? 1. Opthalmic division, trigeminal (proprioception) and cavernous plexus (vasomotor) 2. Cavernous sinus
Function and origin of both communications of trochlear 1. Ophthalmic N : function = proprioception origin = gasserian ganglion 2. Cavernous plexus function = blood supply origin = superior cervical ganglion
Fibers from ophthalmic nerve are simply ___ Dendrites! Carries proprioceptive input to the CNS, well, gasserain ganglion first
What is the cortical center for the trochlear nerve? What brodmann area? 1. Superior frontal gyrus 2. 8
Superior oblique is a ___. What allows it to accomplish its oblique function? 1. Prime mover 2. Redirection of its tendon via the trochlear
Where is the trochlear located? Medial wall of the eye socket
A lesion affecting the trochlear nerve or its related sympathetic impulases may result in what appearance? What dimished function? 1. Upward and outward glare 2. Cannot look down and out
CN 5 is the ___ cranial nerve. Only mixed nerve to have what? 1. Largest in diameter 2. Two seperate roots
1. The majority of CN 5 is ___ in nature 2. Supplying what? 1. Sensory 2. Cutaneous and mucous membranes of face
1. CN 5 supplies how many muscles? 2. What are they? 1. 8 2. 4 muscles of mastication, 2 muscles of deglutition, 2 muscles of the pharynx
Primary sensory neurons of the trigeminal nerve found where? Gasserian ganglion
3 sensory roots of CN 5 from superior to inferior? Which one is bigest? Smallest? 1. Mesencephalic, Pontine, Spinal trigeminal tract 2. Largest = spinal trigeminal Smallest = Pontine nucleus
1. Where is the trigeminal motor nucleus located in relation to the sensory nuclei? 2. Literally, in the upper margin of the ___ fossa. 1. Superior to spinal trigeminal tract N and pontine N. Anterior to mesencephalic 2. Rhomboid fossa
Sensory fibers consists of ___ neurons located where? 1. Pseudounipolar neurons 2. Gasserian ganglion
1. Largest sensory ganglia of the body 2. Located where? 1. Gasserian/semilunar/trigeminal 2. Lodged in a fold of dura mater at the apex of the petrous portion of the temporal bone
Which way does the concavity of the gasserian ganglion face? Posterior
1. Central sensory processes continue into the CNS to synapse with ___ nuclei of termination. What are these nuclei? 1. 3. 2. Mesencephalic N, Pontine N, Spinal trigeminal tract N
Secondary sensory neurons of CN 5 are contained where? In the 3rd nuclei of termination
1. Small independant nuclei in mid-pons 2. Uppermost nuclei of termination (may contain some primary neurons 1. Pontine nucleus 2. Mesencephalic nucleus
The spinal trigeminal tract nucleus is continuous with the ___ of the spinal cord. Substantia gelatinosa of rolando
The trigeminal spinal tract nucleus is a nucleus of termination for what CNs? 5, 7, 9, 10
1. What direction does the convexity of gasserian ganglion face? 2. What emerges from here? 1. Foward 2. Peripheral processes in general (dendrites of ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular)
The ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves are all what? Dendrites
3 branches of CN 5: 1. Smallest 2. Lagest 3. Medium sized Are they sensory or motor? 1. Ophthalmic : purely sensory 2. Mandibular: mixed 3. Maxillary: purely sensory
Ophthalmic nerve: 1. Purely sensory to what? 2. Emerges from where? 1. Upper one third of the face 2. Antero-superior aspect of gasserian ganglion
1. Where does the ophthalmis nerve communicate with other cranial nerves? 2. What CNs are these? 3. What does it provide these CNs with? 1. In the cavernous sinus 2. 3, 4, 6 3. Proprioceptive fibers
1. Ophthalmic nerve also communicated with what of the SNS? 2. Where do these fibers originate? Type of fibers this contains (3) 1. Cavernous plexus 2. Superior cervical ganglion 3. Pilomotor, Secretomotor, Vasomotor
1. Ophthalmic nerve enters eye socket via what? 2. Here, it devides into 3 major branches 1. Superior orbital fissure (along with CN 3, 4 and 6) 2. Lacrimal (smallest), Nasociliary (intermediate), and Frontal (largest)
Specific sensory distribution of ophthalmic nerve? Cornea, ciliary body, lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, mucous membrane of upper nasal cavity, sphenoid sinus, ethmoid sinus, frontal sinus, skin of upper nose, scalp, forehead and dura mater
Just before entering the superior orbital fissure, the ophthalmic nerve gives off what branch? Reccurent meningeal nerve
What does the reccurent meningeal nerve of ophthalmic supply? dura mater of anterior cranial fossa
Immediatly upon entering the eye socket, the ophthalmic nerve gives off what 3 branches? Lacrimal, Nasociliary, Frontal
The lacrimal nerve supplies the ___ adjacent ___ and ends where? Lacrimal gland and adjacent conjunctiva and ends in the fascia and kin of upper eyelid
Where is the lacrimal gland located? Upper lateral aspect of eye socket right under zygomatic process
1. Middle branch of ophthalmic nerve? 2. How many branches does it have? 1. Nasociliary N. 2. 6
Name the 6 branches of the nasocilary, ophthalmic, trigeminal from proximal to distal Ciliary - Long ciliary - Infratrochlear - Ethmoidal - Internal nasal - External nasal
Nerve that passes through the ciliary ganglion to ciliary body, iris and cornea via short ciliary nerves? ciliary nerve
1. 2 branches that pass directly into the eyeball 2. What do they supply? 1. Long ciliary nerves 2. Sensory to ciliary body, iris and cornea
What are 3 roots of the ciliary ganglion? 1. Sympathetic root - superior cervical ganglion 2. Parasympathetic - Edinger Westphal 3. Sensory - Gasserian ganglion
1. Largest nerve through superior orbital fissure? 2. Largest motor nerve through SOF? 1. Ophthalmic, Trigeminal 2. Occulomotor
How does sympathetics get to the head? The internal carotid nerve forms a web around the ICA
2 nerves that may be used by sympathetic fiber to reach the ciliaris and dilatotor pupillae muscles? Ciliary N and Long ciliary N
Nerve that supplies structures in the eye socket located below the trochlear tendon of superior oblique? Infratrochlear nerve
What do ethmoidal nerves supply? Mucous membrane of ethmoidal and part of sphenoid sinus
Supplies mucous membrane of upper nasal cavity, olfactory mucosa as well as frontal sinus? Internal nasal nerve, ophthalmic, trigeminal
1. What does the external nasal nerve supply? 2. It becomes superficial where? 1. Skin and fascia to side of nose 2. Lower margin of nasal bone
Largest branch of ophthalmic nerve? It gives off 2 branches... 1.Frontal nerve 2. Supratrochlear and supraorbital
Supratrochlear nerve supplies what? Structures located in the eye socket above trochlear tendon of sup oblique
Trochlear is located where? Medial wall of upper orbit
1. Which is the larger of the 2 branches of the frontal nerve? 2. Passes through what osseus feature to innervate what? 1. Supraorbital 2. Supraorbital notch or formaen : skin and fascia of eyebrow, forehead and anterior part of scalp
1. What nerve communicates with the supraorbital? 2. Where does this communication take place? 1. Greater occipital nerve 2. Vertex of skull
The greater occipital nerve is a branch where? What does it supply? 1. Posterior primary division of C2 2. Skin over back of skull
The supra orbital nerve usually gives off a branch to the ___. Frontal sinus
1. Intermediate branch of CN 5 2. It supplies the middle portion of the face from the ___ to ______ 1. Maxillary nerve 2. Lower orbit to above mouth
How many branches does the maxillary nerve give off in the : 1. Pterygopalatine fossa 2. Face 3. Cranial vault 4. Infraorbital canal 1. three 2. three 3. one 4. two
1. Supplies cutaneous membranes of the side of the nose, upper lip and lower eyelid Maxillary nerve
Supplies mucous membranes of upper lip, most of the nasal cavity including ethmoidal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinus Maxillar nerve
Supplies the nasopharynx, Palatine tonsils, roof of mouth, teeth of the upper jaw and dura matter Maxillary nerve
1. Maxillary nerve originates from where? 2. Passe obliquely throuhg what? 1. middle, anterior margin of gasserian ganglion 2. Cavernous sinus
1. After it leaves the cavernous sinus, the maxillary nerve exits the cranial vault through what? 2. Small round hole where? 3. Then it passes over the ___ fossa. 1. Foramen rotundum 2. Greater wing of sphenoid 3. Pterygopalatine fossa
The maxillary nerve enters the eye socket through what? Inferior orbital fissure
1. After passage through the IOF, the maxillary nerve lies in the ___ in the floor of the eye socket. 2. It enters the ___ and exits onto the face via the ___. 1. Infraorbital groove 2. Infraorbital canal and Infraorbital foramen
1. How many branches does the maxillary nerve give off? 2. Where are they given off? 1. Nine 2. 1 - cranial vault 3 - Pterygopalatine fossa 2 - Infraorbital canal 3 - On the face
1. Only branch of maxillary nerve given off in the cranial vault? 2. What does it supply? 1. Middle meningeal nerve 2. Dura mater of middle cranial fossa
What is contained in middle cranial fossa? Temporal lobe
After the middle meningeal nerve, the next 3 branches of the maxillary nerve are given off where? What are these nerves? 1. Pterygopalatine fossa 2. Zygomatic nerve, Pterygopalatine nerve, Posterior superior alveolar nerve
1. The zygomatic nerve splits into 2 branches... 2. What do each supply? Zygomaticotemporal = Skin and fascia over side of forehead and over temple Zygomaticofacial = Skin and fascia over cheek
Next, the pterygopalatine nerves are ___ stump like branches that pass from the maxillary nerves down to the ___. 1. two 2. Pterygopalatine ganglion
The pterygopalatine nerves converge in the ganglion to be redistributed in 4 groups that emerge from it. Orbital Group, Palatine Group, Posterior Superior Nasal Group, Pharyngeal Group
Maxillary Nerve: Exits vault via what? It is now in the what? Enters the eye socket via what? Exits onto the face via ___ - ____ 1. Foramen rotumdum 2. Pterygopalatine fossa 3. Inferior orbital fissure 4. Infraorbital canal via infraorbital foramen
Nerve that supplies most mucous membranes of the nasal cavity Posterior superior nasal group via pterygopalatine ganglion
1. Nerve that may supply bicuspids and part of first molar. 2. Nerve that may supply mucous membranes of inf nasal meatus as well as canine and incisor teeth 1. Middle superior alveolar 2. Anterior superior alveolar
Pterygopalatine ganglion has 3 roots. 1. what are they 2. Where does each come from 1. Sensory --- pterygopalatine nerves from maxillary division trigeminal 2. Sympathetic --- superior cervical ganglion carried by cavernous plexus 3. Parasympathetic ---- facial nerve
What kind of fibers make up the fibers of the 4 groups from the pterygopalatine ganglion? 1. Parasympathetic post-ganglionic sensory fibers from facial nerve 2. Sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers from superior cervical ganglion via cavernous plexus
Only fiber that synapse in pterygopalatine ganglion Parasympathetics from facial (sympathetics and sensory go right through)
1. Intermediate branch of CN 5? 2. It supplies the middle portion of the face from the ___ to ____ 1. Maxiallary 2. Lower orbit to above the mouth
1. Maxillary originates from where? 2. Passes obliquely through what? 1. Middle, anterior margin of gasserian ganglion 2. Cavernous sinus
1. After the maxillary nerve leaves the cavernous plexus, it exits the cranial vault through what? 2. Small round hole where? 3. Then it passes over the ___ fossa 1. Foramen rotundum 2. Greater wing of the sphenoid 3. Pterygopalatine fossa
The maxillary nerve enters the eye socket through what? IOF
1. After passage of the IOF, the maxillary lies in the ___ in the floor of the eye socket. 2. It eneters the ____ and exits onto the face via the ____ 1. Infraorbital groove 2. Infraorbital canal and infraorbital foramen
1. Only branch of maxiallry nerve given off in the cranial vault. 2. What does it supply? 1. Middle meningeal nerve 2. Dura mater of middle cranial vault
What is contained in the middle cranial fossa? Temporal lobe
After the maxiallry gives off the middle meningeal branch, the next 3 branches are given off where? 2. What are these nerves? 1. Pterygopalatine fossa 2. Zygomatic N, Pterygopalatine N, Posterior superior auricular
1. The zygomatic nerve splits into 2 branches.... 2. What does each supply? Zygomaticotemporal : skin and fascia over side of forehead and over temple Zygomaticofacial: skin and fascia over cheek
The pterygopalatine nerves are ___ stump like branches that pass from the maxiallary nerve down to the ____ 1. 2 2. Pterygopalatine ganglion
The pterygopalatine nerves converge in the ganglion to be redistributed in 4 groups that emerge from it. Orbital group, palatine group, Posterior superior nasal group and pharyngeal group
Of the nerves that exit onto the face of maxillary division, which one communicates with another nerve? What nerve is this? 1. External nasal 2. External nasal, nasocilary, ophthalmic, trigeminal
Nerve associated with upper molar dental problems Posterior superior alveolar nerve
Largest visceral ganglion associated with CN 5? Pterygopalatine ganglion
1. The 2 pterygopalatine nerves converge to 1 in the pterygopalatine ganglia. Do they synapse? 2. 4 groups given off via pterygopalatine ganglion 1. No 2. Orbital group, palatine group, posterior superior nasal group and pharyngeal group
1. Most distal branch in pterygopalatine fossa 2. What does it supply? 1. Posterior superior alveolar nerve 2. 3rd molar, 2nd molar and part of first molar of upper jaw and maxillary sinus (antrum of highmore)
2 branches given off in the infraorbital canal? What do they supply? 1. Middle superior alveolar nerve : upper premolar(bicuspid) anbd part of first molar 2. Anterior superior alveolar nerve: Canines, medial and lateral incisors, mucous membrane of inferior nasal meatus
1. 3 branches given off on the face from superior to infeiror 2. How do they exit onto the face? 1. Infeiror palpebral, external nasal, superior labial 2. Infraorbital foramen
Suppl of 1. Inferior palperbral nerve 2. External nasal 3. Superior labial 1. Skin and fascia and conjunctiva of lower eyelid 2. skin and fascia over side of nose and cartigenous portion of nasal septum 3. Upper lip
The trigeminal nerve and its branches are the most commonly afflicted of all nerve with ___ and ___ symptoms Neuritic and Neuralgic
1. Tic douloureux AKA what? 2/ It is amendable with chiropractic care when related to ___ of the nerve 1. Trigeminal neuralgia 2. Hypersensitivity of the nerve
Mandibular nerve is the only mixed division of 5 and has a ___ somatic sensory and ___ somatic motor root. 2. These roots remain ___ while in the cranial vault? 1. Larger sensory, smaller motor 2. Seperate
The 2 roots combine after passing through the ___ (how its outside the vault) Foramen ovale
The motor root innervates ___ muscle 2. What are they? 1. 8 2. Mastication, deglutition, soft palate, middle ear
Pain from mastoiditis or related meningitis is carried by what nerve? Nervous spinosum (ramus meningeus)
Mandibular nerve gives rise to ___ branches. What are they? 1. 8 2. Nervous spinosum, medial pterygoid, masseteric, deep temporal, buccal, auriculotemporal, lingual, inferior alveolar
Right after exiting the vault, 2 branches are givne off (mandibular) Nervous spinosum and medial pterygoid nerve
Tell me about nervous spinosum... Passes back up into the cranial vault through the foramen spinosum to supply dura mater and mucous membranes of the mastoid air cells
1. Internal (medial) pterygoid nerve penetrates ___ ganglion 2. Forms medial part of ___ 3. 3 muscles it supplies 1. Otic 2. Mandibular sling 3. Medial pterygoid, Tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini
Function: 1. Medial pterygoid 2. Tensor tympani 3. Tensor vili palatini 1. Closes jaw 2. Vareis tonus of tympanic membrane 3. Tenses soft palate in degultitionb
Main trunk of mandibular nerve splits into a smaller mostly motor __ division and a larger mostly sensory ____ division 1. Anterior 2. posterior
3 branches of anterior division of mandibular Masseteric, Deep temporal, Buccal
Does internal pterygoid synapse in the otic ganglion? No, just passes through it
Largest to smallest muscles supplied by medial pterygoid nerve medial pterygoid, Tensor veli palatini, Tensor tympani
1. Muscles that form the medial and lateral parts of mandibular sling 2. Innervation of both MEdial = medial pterygoid = medial pterygoid nerve Lateral = masseter = massetric nerve
3 nerves in the posterior division Auriculortemporal, Lingual, inferior alveolar
1. Masseteric nerve supplies what? 2. This muscle forms what? 1. Masseter 2. Lateral part of mandibular sling
1. 2 muscles supplied by deep temporal nerve 2. FUnction of both 1. Temporalis = closes jaw 2. Lateral pterygoid = opens jaw
What does the bucal nerve supply Sensory to cutaneous and mucous membrane of cheek and gums of lower jaw
What does the buccal nerve (5) communicate with? Buccal branch of 7
1. Only nerve supplying the parotid gland? 2. How then does parasympathetic info get to the parotid gland? 1. Auriculotemporal nerve 2. Because it communicates with the otic ganglion and CN 7
Nerve that is associated with pain due to mumps and TMJ problems Auriculotemporal, mandibular, trigeminal
Auricultemporal nerve supply Sensory to: Skin and fascia of auricula, external acoustic meatus and temporal region It also gives articular fibers to the TMJ and supplie parotid gland
1. Principal somasthetic nerve to the tongue 2. What does it supply specifically? 1. Lingual 2. Mucous membranes to anterior two thirds of tongue and floor of mouth
The lingual nerve communicates with 2 nerves... one mixed and one motor 1. Chorda tympani (mixed) of CN 7 and Hypoglossal (motor)
1. Function of chorda tympani of facial 2. Function of hypoglossal 1. taste to anterior two thirds of tongue 2. musculature of tongue
1. The lingual nerve also communicates with what ganglion? 2. This visceral ganglion supplies what? 1. Submandibular ganglion 2. Submandibular, sunlingual and anterior lingual glands
4 visceral ganglions associates with the trigeminal Ciliary ganglion, Pterygopalatine ganglion, Otic ganglion, Submandibular ganglion
1. Largest single branch of CN 5 other that the divisions? 2. It gives off ___ brach just before entering the mandibular foramen 1. Inferior alveolar 2. Muscular (cervical
2 muscles supplied by inferior alveolar nerve? Anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid
1. Main trunk of inferior alveolar nerve then enters the ___ 2. Here it supplies what? 1. Mandibular canal 2. All teeth of lower jaw and mandbile
1. The inferior alveolar nerve exits onto the face via what? 2. Here what does it supply? 1. Mental formaen 2. Lower lip, chin, lower part of face, mucous membranes of lower lip
2 cortical centers for trigeminal nerve? Sensory = Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe (1,2,3) Motor = precentral gyrus of frontal lobe (4)
1. Nerve needed to be zapped if your upper bicuspids need work? 2. Lower 3rd premolar? 3. Upper lateral incisor? 1. Middle superior alveolar, maxiallary, trigeminal 2. Inferior alveolar 3. Anterior superior alveolar
1. Medial superior alveolar nerve 2. Anterior superior alveolar nerve How many teeth do wach supply> 1. three 2. Three
Created by: LrB
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