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AP Biology Chpt 8
Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | Total of an organism's chemical reactions |
| Metabolic Pathway | Begins with a specific molecule altered in a series of steps, results in a certain product. |
| Catabolic Pathway | Breakdown Pathways, Cellular Respiration |
| Anabolic Pathway | Consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones; biosynthetic pathways |
| Bioenergetics | Study of how energy flows through living organisms. |
| Energy | Capacity to cause change |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy of objects in motion. |
| Heat, Thermal Energy | Kinetic energy associated with random movement. |
| Potential Energy | Energy possessed because of its position or location |
| Chemical Energy | Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction. |
| Thermodynamics | Study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | "Energy can be transformed and transferred, but not created nor destroyed." |
| Second law of Thermodynamics | "Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe." |
| Free Energy | Portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform. |
| Exergonic Reaction | Based on free-energy changes, a chemical reaction is proceeded with a net release of free energy. |
| Endergonic Reaction | One that absorbs free energy from its surroundings |
| Energy Coupling | Use of exergonic process to drive an endergonic process |
| ATP | Contains sugar ribose, with a nitrogenous base adenosine and a chhain of three phosphate groups bonded to it |
| Phosphorylated | The recipient of the phosphate group |
| Enzyme | A macromolecule that acts as a catalyst |
| Catalyst | A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| Activiation Energy | Initial investment of energy for staring a reaction |
| Substrate | Action an enzymme acts on |
| Enzyme-substrate complez | When enzymes bind to their substrate |
| Active Site | A restricted region of the enzyme molecule binded to the substrate |
| Induced Fit | Interactions between the substrates chemical group and those on the R groups of the amino acids that form the active site of the protien cause the enzyme to change its shape slightly so the acitve site fits around the substrate. |
| Cofactors | Non-protien helpers for the catalytic activity |
| Coenzymes | A Cofactor that is an organic molecule |
| Competitive Inhibition | When reversible inhibitors resemble the mormal substrate molecule and compete for the admission into the active site |
| Noncompetitive Inhibitors | Do not directly compete with the substrate to bind the enzyme to the active site. |
| Allosteric Regulation | Any case in which a protien's function at on site is affectedby the binding of a regulatory molecule to a seperate site |
| Cooperativity | If an emzyme has 2 or more subunits, a substrate molecule causing induced fit in one subunit can trigger the same favorable shape change in all the other subunits of the enzyme. |
| Feedback Inhibition | A metabolic pathway is switched off by inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway |
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