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Properties of Water
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cohesion | an attraction between particles of the same substance (why water is attracted to itself) |
| How many hydrogen bonds can water from? | As many as 4 |
| Surface Tension | Tension of a liquid's surface. Due to the forces of attraction between molecules. |
| The earth's surface is covered by approximately how much water? | 70% |
| Plants and animals are made up of _____% water by volume | 60% |
| Water molecule (H2O) | 1 oxygen atom, 2 Hydrogen atoms |
| Polarity | The larger oxygen atom attracts electrons more strongly than the smaller hydrogen atom. |
| Molecular polarity is responsible for waters strong______ | surface tension |
| Hydrogen Bond | Negative Oxygen end of a water molecule is attracted to the positive Hydrogen end of another water molecule. |
| Hydrogen bonding of water | *Weak attractive forces between molecules * Attractive forces due to uneven distribution of electrons in polar bonds |
| Adhesion | An attraction between molecules of different substances |
| Capillary action | Adhesion properties cause water to rise is a narrow tube against the force of gravity. (draws water out of roots of plants and into stems and leaves) |
| pH scale | The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic. |
| Acids (pH scale) | *Strong Acids have a pH of 1-3. *Produce lots of H+ ions * Ex: stomach acid, lemon juice. |
| Bases (pH scale) | * Strong Bases have a pH of 11-14 *Contain lots of OH- ions and fewer H+ ions. *Ex: Bleach, Oven Cleaner. |
| Buffers (pH scale) | *Weak acids or weak bases that react with strong acids or bases to prevent sudden changes in pH. (neutralization) |
| Organic Chemistry | Chemistry based on carbon |
| Polymer | Large biological molecules are formed by linking smaller molecules together in a chain . (Large chain of monomers) |
| Monomer | Small molecules (building blocks) |
| Dehydration Synthesis | the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water. |
| Hydrolysis | 2 monomers are broken apart by adding an H2O molecule |
| Carbohydrates | * Organic compound composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen *Stores energy and structural building blocks |
| Monosaccharide (monomer) | *any of the class of sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar. *Ex. galactose, glucose, and fructose |
| Disaccharide (Polymer) | Composed of 2 monomers *sucrose= glucose +fructose (common table sugar) *lactose= glucose + galactose (sugar in milk) |
| Polysaccharides | Composed of 3 or more monomers *starch, glycogen, cellulose *starch energy storage in plants |
| Lipids | Fats and oils *Used by cells for energy storage *Insulation *Major component of cell membranes |
| Saturated lipids | Contains max number of hydrogens possible. *All single Bonds |
| Unsaturated lipids | contains some double or triple bonds, does not contain the max number of hydrogens. |
| Proteins | * Composed of C,H,O,N,S. *Many functions, used by cells for structure and metabolism * There are more types of proteins than other organic molecules |
| Peptide Bond | Bond between amino acids |
| Enzymes | Proteins that speed up or slow down chemical reactions |
| Nucleic Acid | a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, *a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid, * a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins |
Created by:
tdavis5680
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