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BAYHighSATPbiology
BayHighSATPbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is being tested (y-axis on graph) | dependent variable |
| what is being tested (x-axis on graph) | independent variable |
| group that stays the same | control group |
| group that has the independent variable | experimental group |
| measured in meters; use meter stick | length |
| measured in grams; use triple beam balance | mass |
| measured in liters; use graduated cylinder | volume |
| graph that shows change over time | line |
| graph that compares groups/ #'s | bar |
| graph that shows % of groups/ #'s | pie |
| particle in nucleus of atom with positive (+) charge | proton |
| particle in nucleus of atom with no charge | neutron |
| particle outside nucleus of atom with negative (-) charge | electron |
| bond formed when electrons are shared | covalent |
| bond formed when electrons are gained or lost | ionic |
| negative end attacted to positive end | polar |
| takes a lot to heat it up and cool it down | high specific heat |
| creates surface tension because they stick together | cohesive |
| dissolves polar molecules | universal solvent |
| creates H+ in water; 0-6 on pH scale | acid |
| creates OH- in water; 8-14 on pH scale | base |
| made up of monosaccharides; glucose and fructose | carbohydrates |
| made up of fatty acids and glycerols | lipids |
| make up cell membrane | phospholipids |
| made up of nucleotides | nucleic acids |
| ribonucleic acid | RNA |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA |
| made of amino acids | proteins |
| catalytic proteins that speed up reactions | enzymes |
| coined the term cell | Robert Hooke |
| smallest unit that lives on its own | cell |
| have no nucleus or membrane bound organells (bacteria) | prokaryotic cell |
| does have a nucleus and organelles | eukaryotic cell |
| no cell wall; has centrioles (type of cell) | animal cell |
| type of cell that has a cell wall, chloroplast, and a large central vacuole | plant cell |
| control center of cell | nucleus |
| cell part that makes ribosomes | nucleolus |
| made of phospholipid bilayer; selectively permeable | cell membrane |
| provides support to plant cell | cell wall |
| has ribosomes; site for reactions; protein synthesis | Rough ER |
| no ribosomes; site for reactions; lipid production | smooth ER |
| packages proteins and sends them away | golgi body |
| storage unit | vacuole |
| contains enzymes; digests things in cell | lysosome |
| site for photosynthesis | chloroplast |
| site for cellular respiration; makes ATP | mitochondria |
| makes proteins | ribosomes |
| movement of substances from high to low concentration | diffusion |
| diffusion of water | osmosis |
| passive transport with help of channel proteins | facilitated diffusion |
| requires energy and uses carrier molecules | active transport |
| process of bringing materials into cell | endocytosis |
| process of getting rid of materials from the cell | exocytosis |
| bringing a liquid into cell | pinocytosis |
| bringing solids into a cell | phagocytosis |
| type of solution in which the concentration of solute is greater inside the cell than outside (water moves into cell and cell swells) | hypotonic |
| type of solution in which the concentration of solute is greater outside the cell than inside (water moves out of cell; cell shrinks) | hypertonic |
| type of solution in which the concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell | isotonic |
| made up of G1, S, and G2 phase | interphase |
| chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane diappears, spindle fibers form | prophase |
| chromosomes line up in the middle of cell; spindle attaches at centromere | metaphase |
| spindle fibers shorten and pull chromosomes apart | anaphase |
| chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane reappears, spindle breaks down | telophase |
| actual dividing of the cell cytoplasm to form 2 daughter cells | cytokinesis |
| has 2 stages; similar to mitosis; occurs twice producing 4 daughter cells; have half (haploid) genetic information | meiosis |
| types of reproduction; involves 2 parents | sexual |
| when sperm and egg unite (produces a cell called a zygote) | fertilization |
| type of reproduction; involves 1 parent | asexual |
| process that plants use to get energy | photosynthesis |
| green pigment that traps sunlight | chlorophyll |
| light independent reaction | calvin cycle |
| process animals use to get energy (reverse of photosynthesis) | cellular respiration |
| organelle; site for cellular respiration | mitochondria |
| anaerobic phase; no oxygen | glycolysis |
| aerobic phase (Krebs cycle) | citric acid cycle |
| aerobic phase; most efficient | electron transport chain |
| study of heredity | genetics |
| father of genetics; used pea plants | Gregor Mendel |
| cross involving one trait (height) | monohybrid |
| cross involving two traits (height and color) | dihybrid |
| two of the same alleles | homozygous |
| two different alleles | heterozygous |
| represented by capital letters; expressed | dominant |
| represented by lower case letters; not expressed | recessive |
| genetic make up (letters -- TT, Tt, tt) | genotype |
| physical characteristics (words -- tall, short) | phenotype |
| cross unknown with homozygous recessive | test cross |
| double stranded; contains thymine and deoxyribose sugar | DNA |
| single stranded; contains uracil and ribose sugar | RNA |
| two men who came up with a model of DNA to determine it was a double helix | Watson & Crick |
| woman who used X-ray diffraction to determine shape of DNA | Rosalind Franklin |
| man who figured out that Adenine bond with Thymine and guanine bonds with cytosine | Chargaff |
| type of RNA that takes instructions from nucleus to cytoplasm | mRNA |
| type of RNA that takes amino acids to ribosomes | tRNA |
| type of RNA that helps build proteins | rRNA |
| transferring info from DNA to RNA | transcription |
| transferring info from mRNA into proteins | translation |
| problem in genetic code | mutation |
| part of chromosome is left out or deleted | deletion |
| part of chromosome is added or inserted | insertion |
| part of chromosome is flipped around (inverted) | inversion |
| failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis (leads to Down's syndrome) | non-disjunction |
| extra 21st chromosome | Down's syndrome |
| XXY on 23rd pair | Klinefelter's syndrome |
| only one X on 23rd pair | Turner's syndrome |
| picture of chromosomes lined up b size and shape | karyotype |
| picture of family tree (squares-male; circles-females) | pedigree |
| neither allele is fully expressed or dominant | incomplete dominance |
| both alleles are expressed fully and show up | co-dominance |
| more than two alleles represent a trait | multiple alleles |
| allele that is linked to sex chromosome | sex linked |
| female sex chromosomes | XX |
| male sex chromosomes | XY |
| genes cross from one chromosome to another in homologous pairs | crossing over |
| genetically altering an organism by changing the organism's DNA sequence (uses bacteria) | genetic engineering |
| making an exact copy of an organism | cloning |
| mechanism for evolution (the best fit organism's survive and pass on the best traits to offspring) | natural selection |
| man who came up with the theory of evolution based on natural selection | Charles Darwin |
| change over time | evolution |
| allows one to mimic another of the same species | mimicry |
| allows one to blend in | camo |
| structure that may not be used for same thing but have common ancestor and are similar | homologous structure |
| structures that have similar function but not related | analogous structure |
| organ that serves no function or purpose | vestigial organ |
| kingdom that is prokaryotic; live in extreme conditions; unicellular | archaebacteria |
| kingdom that is prokaryotic; unicellular | eubacteria |
| kingdom that is eukaryotic ; unicellular; can live in colonies | protista |
| kingdom that is eukaryotic; multicellular, heterotrophic and have a cell wall made of chitin | fungi |
| kingdom that is eukaryotic; multicellular; have cell wall made of cellulose | plantae |
| kingdom that is eukaryotic; multicellular, heterotrophic and DO NOT have a cell wall | animalia |
| broadest category; have related phyla | kingdom |
| most specific; can breed and produce fertile offspring | species |
| made of genus and species name | scientific name |
| non-living; must reproduce inside a host | viruses |
| living; reproduce asexually (by binary fission) | bacteria |
| they are plant, animal, and fugus like | protists |
| they are decomposers | fungi |
| mosses, liverworts, and horworts; DO NOT have vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) | non vascular |
| they DO have vascular tissue | vascular |
| type of plant that is seedless and produces spores | fern |
| seed bearing vascular plant (produce cones) | gymnosperms |
| plants that bear both flowers and seeds (flowering plants) | angiosperms |
| no backbone | invertebrate |
| do have a backbone (Phylum Chordata) | vertebrate |
| jointed appendages and exoskeleton | arthropods |
| warm blooded organisms | mammals and aves |
| cold blooded organisms | fish, reptiles, amphibians |
| group of interbreeding organisms in same area at same time | population |
| all populations in an area | community |
| all of biotic and abiotic factors interacting with one another | ecosystem |
| one benefits and the other is harmed (tick and dog) | parisitism |
| one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited | commensalism |
| both benefit | mutualism |
| type of biome that has a lot of rainfall, canopy, plant/animal diversity | tropical rainforest |
| type of biome that lacks rainfall, hot during day, cold at night, biggest temperature range | desert |
| type of biome that has frequent rain and cold winters | temperate forest |
| type of biome that has limited rainfall, few trees and shrubs | grasslands |
| type of biome that has permafrost as tope layer, very cold winters and short summers | tundra |
| plants; occupy the 1st trophic level (autotrophs) | producers |
| can't make their own food, occupy levels above producers | consumers |
| eats meat (lion) | carnivore |
| eats plants (cow) | herbivore |
| eats both plants and meat (bear) | omnivore |
| feeds off dead organisms | scavenger |
| breaks down dead organisms and returns nutrients to soil | decomposers |
| show relationships among organisms | food chain, web and pyramid |
| amount of energy passed from one trophic level to the next | biomass |
| level of producers; most biomass | 1st level |
| level of primary consumer | 2nd level |
| level of secondary consumer | 3rd level |
| level of tertiary consumer | 4th level |
| colonization of bare landscapes; starts with algae | primary succession |
| colonizer of bare land; algae | pioneer species |
| colonization from pre-existing life; takes place after a natural disaster | secondary succession |
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Biology1
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