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Respiration 1.4

OCR Biology

QuestionAnswer
What is respiration? Respiration is the process whereby energy stored in complex organic molecules is used to make ATP. It occurs in living cells.
ATP is a phosphorylated nucleotide and is the universal energy currency. (adenosine triphosphate).
Metabolic processes(7) that need energy include: - Active transport - Secretion - Endocytosis - Synthesis of smaller molecules from larger ones - Replication of DNA - Movement - Activation of chemicals
Anabolic reactions are biochemical reactions where large molecules are synthesised from smaller ones.
In catabolic reactions larger molecules are hydrolysed to produce smaller molecules.
ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and Pi releasing 30.6 kj energy per mol.
ATP provides the immediate source of energy for biological processes.
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of all cells.
The link reaction takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.
Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria.
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place on the folded inner membrane (cristae) of mitochondria.
Does glycolysis need oxygen No
Does link reaction, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation need oxygen Yes
Uner anaerobic conditions pyruvate is converted to either lactate or ethanol.
During glycolysis glucose (6 carbon sugar) is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon compound).
During link reaction Pyruvate is dehydrogenated (hydrogen removed) and decarboxylated (carboxyl removed) and converted to acetate
During krebs cycle acetate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated.
During oxidative phosphorylation ADP is phosphorylated to ATP.
Why are coenzymes needed part 1? Hydrogen atoms are removed from substrate molecules in oxidation.Enzymes are not very good at catalysing oxidation or reduction reactions.Coenzymes are needed for the oxidation reactions.The hydrogen atoms are combined with coenzymes such as NAD.
What does NAD carry? H,which splits to hydrogen ions & electrons,to the inner mitochondrial membranes.Here,they'll join in oxidative phosphorylation,which produces a lot of ATP.Delivery of hydrogens to cristae reoxidises the coenzymes so they combine with more hydrogen atoms.
NAD is an organic, non-protein molecule that helps dehydrogenase enzymes to carry out oxidation reactions.
When a molecule of NAD has accepted 2 hydrogen atoms with their electrons, it is reduced. When it loses the electrons it is oxidised. NAD operates during glycolysis, the link reaction, krebs cycle and during the anaerobic ethanol and lactate pathways.
Coenzyme A Its function is to carry ethanoate (acetate) groups, made from pyruvate during the lin reaction, onto krebs cycle. It can also carry acetate groups that have been made from fatty acids or from some amino acids onto krebs cycle.
Glycolysis is a very ancient biochemical pathway, occurring in the cytoplasm of all living cells that respire. This means it happens in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Glucose is a hexose sugar it contains ... carbon atoms six
-Glucose 6-phosphate is changed to fructose 6-phosphate - Another ATP is hydrolysed and the phosphate group released is attached to fructose 6-phosphate at carbon 1. This activated hexose sugar is now called fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
- The energy from the hydrolysed ATP molecules actiovates the hexose sugar and prevents it from being transported out of the cell. - This stage has used two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose.
its molecules are stable and need to be activated before they can be split into two. Glucose
Stage 1 Phosphorylation (glycolysis) -1 ATP molecule is hydrolysed and the phosphate group released is attached to the glucose molecule at carbon 6
Created by: shade1080
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