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BIO practical 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the joint capsule | surrounds the synovial joint and has a fibrous layer and synovial membrane |
| what is articulation | where 2 bones meet |
| what is synarthroses | no movement |
| what is amphiarthroses | little movement |
| what is diarthroses | lots of movement |
| what is synovial fluid | clear fluid |
| what are the functions of synovial fluid | lubrication, nutrient distribution, waste removal, and shock absorption |
| what are the accessory structures | meniscus, fat pad, bursa, and ligaments |
| what is the joint cavity | contains synovial fluid |
| what is the articular cartilage | reduces friction, and covers the surface |
| what are fat pads | masses of adipose tissue and protect articular cartilage |
| what are the ligaments | support, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints |
| what is bursa | fluid, filled pockets that reduce friction and act as shock absorbers |
| what are the 6 types of synovial joints | gliding, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket |
| what are the axes of motion | monaxial, biaxial, triaxial |
| what movement is a gliding joint | nonaxial or multiaxial |
| what movement is a hinge joint | monaxial, angular movement |
| what movement is a condylar joint | biaxial, angular movement |
| what movement is a ball and socket joint | triaxial, angular movement |
| what movement is a saddle joint | biaxial, angular movement |
| what movement is a pivot joint | monaxial, rotation movement |
| what is flexion | reduces angle, front of body |
| what is extension | increases angle |
| what is hyperextension | past anatomical position, behind body |
| what is abduction | moves away from axis |
| what is adduction | moves toward axis |
| what is circumduction | circular movement without rotation |
| what is medial rotation | rotate towards axis |
| what is lateral rotation | rotate away from axis |
| what is pronation | rotates forearm, radius over ulna, palm face down |
| wha is supination | palms up, anatomical position |
| what is inversion | sole of foot inwards |
| what is eversion | sole of foot downwards |
| what is dorsiflexion | flexion at ankle, toes to ceiling |
| what is plantar flexion | extension of ankle, toes to floor |
| what is opposition | thumb towards fingers or palm |
| what is reposition | opposite of opposition |
| what is protraction | pushing forward |
| what is retraction | moving back |
| what is elevation | mouth moves up |
| what is depression | mouth moves down |
| what is lateral flexion | head side to side |
| what is pH | measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| what is acid | proton DONOR, decreases pH and adds H+ |
| what is a base | proton ACCEPTOR, increases pH and removes H+ |
| what is a hydrogen ion | a proton |
| what does excess H+ do | breaks bonds |
| what is the relationship of pH and H+ | pH decreases as H+ increases |
| what is equation of pH | -log[H+] |
| what is acidic pH | below 7, has more H+ |
| what is basic pH | above 7, more OH- |
| what is neutral pH | 7 |
| what is the pH of blood | 7.35-7.45 |
| what is a buffer | weak acids that neutralize strong acids and bases |
| what are the 4 buffer systems | phosphate, protein, hemoglobin, and carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system |
| what is the buffer system for | prevent drastic changes in pH |
| what is the equation of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate | CO2+ H2O > H2CO3 > H + HCO3 |
| what is the hemoglobin buffer system | can bind H+ ions and prevent decreases in blood pH |
| what is the pH indicator colors | ROY G BIV |
| what is the composition of blood | plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%) |
| what are the formed elements of blood | red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets |
| what is the function of formed elements of blood | transport gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste, regulate pH, clotting, defend against toxins, body temp. |
| what is blood type A | B antiBODIES, A antigens |
| what is blood type B | A antiBODIES, B antigens |
| what is blood type O | A & B antiBODIES, no antigens |
| what is blood type AB | no antiBODIES, A & B antigens |
| what is the Rh factor | this means positive with no Rh antibodies |
| what is aggulation | antibodies bind to surface antigens and cause RBCs to clump |
| what happens in aggulation occurs | that is the blood type |
| what is the universal recipient | AB+ |
| what is the universal donor | O- |
| what is a cross-reaction | occurs if donor and recipient are not compatible, agglutinate |
| what is erythroblastosis fetalis | if the mom is negative and the baby is positive |
| what is the 1st step to blood flow | superior and inferior vena cava |
| what is the 2nd step to blood flow | tricuspid valve |
| what is the 3rd step to blood flow | pulmonary semilunar valve |
| what is the 4th step to blood flow | pulmonary trunk to lungs |
| what is the 5th step to blood flow | 4 pulmonary veins |
| what is the 6th step to blood flow | bicuspid valve |
| what is the 7th step to blood flow | aortic semilunar valve |
| what is the 8th step to blood flow | aorta and body |
| what is the first sound of the heart | the AV valves closing, tricuspid and bicuspid |
| what is the second sound of the heart | the SL valves closing, aortic and pulmonary |
| what is APTM | aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid, mitral |
Created by:
ashlynew
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