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Ch 10: Geology/Soil
APES Geology & Soil
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mount St. Helens taught reporters what | Succession can occur quickly (10 yrs) |
| Slowest cycle on Earth | Rock cycle |
| Rock that fors from magma wellig up from upper mantle, cooling, and hardening into rock | Igneous Rock |
| Forms when preexisting rocks are weathered, eroded, transported, and deposited then compacted | Sedimentary |
| Most popular type of rock | Sedimentary |
| Mechanical weathering | Major type |
| Chemical weathering | Rock decomposed by chemical reactons resulting in products chemically different from the original material, most rapidly in tropics (higher temp & precipitation) |
| Ligimite & bituminous coal are which type of rock | Sedimentary |
| Metamorphic | Preexisting rock is subjected to high temps, high pressures, chemically active fluids—pressure & heat squish rocks together |
| Soil | Complex mixture of eroded rock, minerals, decaying organic matter, water, air, and billions of living organisms |
| What type of biomes have best soil and are converted into farmland | Grasslands & cleared deciduous forests |
| Horizon | Horizontal layer in coil |
| Soil Profile | All the horizons |
| O Horizon | Top layer |
| O Horizon has the ______ | Leaf litter (decaying leaves, waste, fungi, etc.) |
| A Horizon’s nickname | Topsoil layer |
| A Horizon contains ___ | Humus—mixture of inorganic & organic material |
| Why is surface litter important | 1)habitat, 2) ground cover (“nature’s blanket”), 3) Provides a dark, moist area for seeds to germinate, 4) maintains soil’s moisture, 5) Contributes to production of humus, 6) reduces soil erosion |
| Why is humus important | 1)helps topsoil hold water, 2) prevents sol compaction, 3) improves soil aeration (O2), 4) improves soil porosity, 5) Stabilizes pH in soil* |
| In which horizon do most roots & micro-organisms reside in | A Horizon, |
| What’s the average of topsoil worldwide | 6-8 inches |
| What does a dark vs. light color mean for soil | High vs. low nitrogen/organic nutrients/organic matter (dark is better) |
| B Horizon contains most of soil’s ______ | Mineral matter—mixture of sand, silt, clay & gravel |
| C Horizon arose from ___ | Bedrock weathered to give rise to parents material |
| C Horizon’s nickname | Parent rock |
| Soil texture | Amount of different sizes and types of minerals |
| What most directly determines porosity | Soil texture |
| Clay | Smallest particles, good water holding capacity, |
| Silt | Transported by rivers, 2nd smallest, lots of nutrients |
| Sand | 3rd smallest, good infiltration & aeration |
| Gravel | Largest, bunch of different rocks |
| Way to remember soil sizes | Carly’s silicone sags greatly |
| Loams | Equal amounts of sand, silt, humus, and clay; good for crops |
| Soil Structure | How soil is organize & clumped together |
| Soil porosity | Measure of volume of pores/spaves in soil |
| Soil Permeability | Rate at which water moves thru soil |
| Infiltration | Downward movement of water through soil |
| Leaching | As water moves down, it carries nutrients to lower layers |
| Acidic soil pH range | Below 5.5 |
| Add what to acidic soil | Lime |
| Basic is the same as _____ | Alkaline |
| Add what to basic soil | Sulfur & water (H2SO4) |
| Basic soil pH | Above 7.5 |
| What acidifies soils | Burning fossil fuels causes acid rain, H ions replace other cations in soil like K, Ca, Mg, NH4-, so soils become infertile |
| The core is made of ___ | Iron |
| Outermost part of mantle is/isn’t partially melted rock | IS NOT |
| Most nonrenewable resources are found where | Crust |
| Athenosphere | Plastic region in mantle |
| T/F: Plate tectonics are composed of crust & core | F |
| What causes an earthquake | Creation of fault (fracture in rock) or shifting along an existing fault |
| Soil Erosion | Movement of soul from one place to another |
| How long does it take soil be made per inch | 1 inch/200-1000 yrs |
| Major erosion agent | Flowing water |
| Sheet Erosion | Surface water moves down a slope in a wide flow & peels off uniform sheets of layers in soil |
| Rill Erosion | Surface water moves quickly and forms small channels in soil |
| Gully Erosion | Small rills join together to make gullies of ditches |
| Wind does/doesn’t cause erosion | Does |
| What does man do to erode soil | Construction, overgrazing, logging, farming, off wheel four-wheeling |
| Turbidity | Number of suspended solids in water…MAJOR form of pollution* |
| Is soil a potentially renewable resource | Yes |
| What caused the US to set up Soil Conservation Service (SCS) | 1935 Erosion Act |
| Leeching is a big problem where | Tropical rainforests |
| Desertification | Production of land falls 10% or more |
| Moderate vs. Servere Desertification | 10-25% vs. 25-50% |
| Overgrazing, deforestation w/o reforestation, surface mining w/o reclamation, bad irrigation techniques, salinization, waterlogging leave topsoil vulnerable to ____ | Erosion |
| Salinization | Irrigation water evaporates and eaves dissolved minerals (salts) that build up and make soil TOXIC |
| Waterlogging | Increased water in soil from irrigation causing water table to rise |
| Conservation tillage Farming | Minimum soil disturbed |
| Terracing | Steep slopes get terraced, retains water, prevents erosion |
| Contour farming | Plating crops in rows at 90 degree angles across the slope of the land |
| Strip Cropping | Alternate rows of crops (corn, legumes, corn, legumes, etc) |
| Alley Cropping’s synonym | Argo forestry |
| Argo forestry | Crop, trees, crop, trees |
| Gully reclamation | Reseed, dam up, and fill with silt, plant, and redidect water |
| Windbreaks/Shelterbelts | Rows of trees that break up winds on plains |
| PAM | Polyacrylamide—binds soil to clay to prevent erosion, con: labor-intensive |
| Organic fertilizer’s drawback | Labor-intensive |
| Types of organic fertilizer | Animal manure, green manure, compost, crp rotation |
| Compost | Alternate layers of green & brown waste, worms speed process |
| Animal Manure | Animal shtt, spreads diseases, labor intensive, |
| Green Manure | Taking remaining stalks & waste and letting it rot in the soil to increase humus for next crop |
| Crop rotation | Different crops in different spots in different years—increase fertility, reduce erosion, reduce pests. Con: unpleasant odor |
| Inorganic Fetilizer | NPK |
| Fertilizer bag with numbers 10-12-15 at top, what do they mean | 10% nitrogen, 12% phosphate, 15% potash |
| Advantages f inorganic fertilizer | Easily stored, transported, applied, more economical, increase crop yield/productivity |
| Prevention of soil erosion | Landscape areas with natural vegetation, compost bins, use paved walkways/provided trails |
| Disadvantages of Inorganic fertilizer? | Doesn’t add humus (allows for soil compaction, decreased water holding capacity, lower O2), large amounts of E to produce, release greenhouse gas N20 (Nitrous Oxide), causes water pollution-cultural eutrophication |
Created by:
kittycrunk
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