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Sterns Plant Bio 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| what is science? | Science is a set of methods through which we investigate the natural universe |
| What distinguishes science from other methods of inquiry about the universe? | It’s empirical… Based on measurable observations, Propositions should be falsifiable., The results of scientific tests must be repeatable to be accepted. |
| Hypothesis | Proposed explanation. Must be subject to quantitative testing; tests must be repeatable by others |
| Theory | Well-supported explanations of an aspect of the natural world. Often a comprehensive set of ideas. |
| Independent variable | a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another. |
| Dependent variable | a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another. |
| Control Variable | an experimental element which is constant and unchanged throughout the course of the investigation. ... The control variables themselves are not of primary interest to the experimenter. |
| Treatment groups | these groups receive the experiment |
| Control Groups | these groups do Not receive the experiment |
| A few points to consider | Consider sample size and experimental design (variables?), Is there an appropriate control group?, Did the researcher account for possible control variables? |
| Experimental studies | the researcher controls the independent variables. |
| Observational studies | the independent variable is not controlled by researcher – look for correlations |
| Simulation or modeling study | a process is described, mathematically or simulated by a computer model. Usually complex systems. Requires knowledge of relevant variables; developed by experiment or observation. Usually use past conditions to predict future ones |
| How can we evaluate scientific claims? | 1. How accurate is the media source? 2. How reliable is the science? |
| Media source considerations | How reputable or biased is the media source? Does the media accurately represent the original research? What is specifically stated, and what is implied or inferred? |
| molecules | groups of atoms linked together by chemical bonds |
| matter is characterized by | 1. it occupies space 2. it has mass 3. it is composed of elements |
| atom | the smallest stable subdivision of an element that can exist |
| nucleus | each eukaryote (only eukaryotes) has this, consists of protons and neutrons |
| protons | particles with positive electric charges |
| neutrons | particles that have no electrical charges |
| atomic number | a specific number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| atomic mass | the combined number of protons and neutrons |
| electrons | negative electric charges that whirl around the nucleus of an atom |
| orbital | the region occupied by electrons around the nucleus |
| isotopes | each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; a radioactive form of an element. |
| polar molecules | A polar molecule is a chemical species in which the distribution of electrons between the covalently bonded atoms is not even |
| adhesion | attraction of charged molecules to different types of charged molecules |
| Valence | the ability of an element to combine with another one based on electron number |
| ions | positively and negatively charged particles |
| What are the three biologically significant types of chemical bonds? | 1. Ionic bonds 2. Covalent bonds (nonpolar or polar) 3. Hydrogen bonds |
| Ionic Bonds | One atom transfers an electron to another, results in ions, Two ions attract each other, Found in salts, acids and bases |
| Covalent Bonds | Atoms share electrons, Stronger than ionic or hydrogen bonds, Don’t dissolve in water, strongest bond |
| Polar Covalent Bonds | Bonds that are more covalent (more even) are stronger; bonds that are more ionic (less even) are weaker. Polar molecules result when molecules are asymmetrical |
| Hydrogen Bonds | form as a result of attraction between positively charged hydrogen atoms in polar molecules and negatively charged atoms in other polar molecules. Weak (7 to 10% the strength of covalent bonds), cause both cohesion and adhesion in water |
| Cohesion | some molecules of the same type are attracted to each other |
| What are the 4 main types of *organic (*contains carbon) polymers (macromolecules)? | 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids |
| Carbohydrates | Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CH2O)𝑛 or 1C:2H:1O |
| Monosaccharides (type of carbon) | Simple sugars, 3 to 6 carbon atoms |
| What are some examples of monosaccharides? | Glucose and fructose! |
| Glucose | Main product of photosynthesis, important source of energy in all living cells |
| Disaccharides (type of carbon) | 2 linked monosaccharides, Short-term energy storage, Main sugar transported through plants |
| What are some examples of Disaccharides ? | Sucrose, lactose |
| Polysaccharides (type of carbon) | More than 2 monosaccharides linked, Most common organic compound |
| What are some examples of polysaccharides ? | Starch for long-term storage in plants Cellulose – main structural polymer in plant cell walls |
| Lipids | Fats, oils, waxes. Most lipids don’t dissolve in water because they are nonpolar |
| Phospholipids | form a double-layered sheet in water – basis for membranes! |
| whats unique about phospholipids? | Molecule has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail |
| Proteins | consist of one or more polypeptide chains (and sometimes additions) Denaturing proteins can alter structure and function |
| Primary structure of proteins | The order of the amino acids in the chain |
| Secondary Structure of Proteins | The strand of amino acids twists to form a helix |
| Tertiary Structure of Proteins | The three-dimensional structure formed by the folding of the helix |
| polypeptides | Chains of amino acids |
| enzymes | Speeds up chemical reactions. Usually splits or joins other molecules (substrates) |
| where do essential amino acids come from | our diet |
| Living things share a few characteristics in common | ATP used for energy storage, DNA used as information storage |
| Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both have | Cell wall (in plants and lots of other organisms, but not all), Protoplasm, Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, and Cytoskeleton |
| Eukaryotes only have | Nucleus |
| cell wall | (in plants and lots of other organisms, but not all) |
| Protoplasm | components inside cell wall (Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm {Cytosol Components suspended in cytosol} , Nucleus) |
| Cells interface with the outside world through this | plasma membrane |
| Plasma Membrane | Double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates |
| Eukaryotes have: | Nucleus, Organelles |
| Eukaryotes: Nucleus | Nuclear envelope with nuclear pores and DNA |
| Eukaryotes: Internal membranes | Endoplasmic reticulum and others |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | studded with ribosomes |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | secretes lipids |
| Golgi Apparatus | modifications , packaging in to vesicles, delivery |
| Eukaryotes: Organelles include : | mitochondria, DNA , Cellular respiration |
| Features of plant cells: Cell walls with cellulose | polysaccharides- mostly cellulose, green algae and plants, cross linked by other molecules |
| Features of plant cells: Chloroplasts and other plastids | photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts |
| Chromoplast | Synthesis and storage of carotenoid pigments |
| Vacuoles | Water balance and internal pressure, Storage (Sugars, proteins, Pigments, Toxins), Inorganic crystals |
| Mitosis | a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. |
| Whats the first phase of Mitosis ? | Prophase |
| Whats the second phase of Mitosis ? | Metaphase |
| Whats the third phase of Mitosis ? | Anaphase |
| Whats the fourth phase of Mitosis ? | Telophase |
| What happens during Prophase ? | Condensation of chromosomes is completed, chromosomes become visible as “threads”, Nuclear envelope dissolves, Spindle fibers develop (anchored at the poles) |
| What happens during Metaphase ? | Spindle fibers attach to centromeres, pull chromosomes to equator of cell. |
| What happens during Anaphase ? | Sister chromatids separate at centromeres; one sister chromatid is pulled to each end |
| What happens during Telophase ? | Nuclear envelope re-forms around chromosomes at each end of cell, End up with 2 nuclei, each with complete set of chromosomes, Chromosomes become indistinct |
| What happens during anaphase and telophase ? | the cell divides by cytokinesis, Vesicles fuse along center line of cell, Cell plate forms in the center of cell and expands toward cell margins |
| Cytokinesis | the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells. |
| Phragmoplast | scaffold of microtubules and endoplasmic reticulum |
| Monocots | a flowering plant with an embryo that bears a single cotyledon (seed leaf) |
| dicots | a flowering plant with an embryo that bears two cotyledons (seed leaves) |
| Cotyledons | Embryonic leaves or “seed leaves” of embryo |
| How many Cotyledons does a monocot have ? | 1 cotyledon |
| How many Cotyledons does a dicot have ? | 2 cotyledons |
| Are grasses monocots or dicots ? | monocots |
| Are woody plants monocots or dicots ? | dicots |
| Cell elongation | Plant growth by water uptake |
| New cells are produced in regions called | meristems |
| Meristematic cells are | undifferentiated and actively divide (similar to stem cells in animals) |
| Division in meristematic cells produces: | More meristematic cells , Cells that will differentiate (mature) into other tissues |
| Apical meristems | Present in all plants, responsible for growth in length (primary growth), Tips of roots and shoots – in buds, Produces primary meristems, protected by buds in stems |
| What are the primary apical meristems ? | Protoderm, Ground meristem, Procambium |
| Protoderm | develops into dermal tissues |
| Ground meristem | develops into ground tissues |
| Procambium | develops into vascular tissues |
| What do apical buds produce ? | hormones that suppress branching in nearby buds |
| apical buds | the primary growing point located at the apex (tip) of the stem. It is the dominant bud, since it can cause all the Axillary (lateral) buds below them to remain dormant. |
| axillary bud | an embryonic or organogenic shoot located in the axil (side) of a leaf. Each bud has the potential to form shoots, and may be specialized in producing either vegetative shoots (stems and branches) or reproductive shoots |
| Lateral meristems | only in woody plants, responsible for growth in diameter (secondary growth), cylinders in stems and roots |
| What are the two types of lateral meristems ? | Vascular cambium and Cork cambium |
| Vascular cambium | produces vascular tissues (for transport) |
| Cork cambium | produces cork (outer bark) |
| Intercalary meristems | primary growth, grasses only, Length of stems or leaves, Band of pale tissue at nodes or base of leaves (collar) |
| what are the benefits of asexual reproduction ? | reproductive assurance, Avoid the “cost of males” (every individual can produce offspring. Avoid investing resources in strategies to get gametes (sperm and eggs) together |
| vegetative reproduction | asexual reproduction in which the offspring arise from parts of the parent plant. |
| what does asexual reproduction produce ? | a clone of the parent, Asexual reproduction also occurs through mitosis |
| what are the advantages of sexual reproduction ? | offers an opportunity to remove “bad” versions of a gene from the population, Sexual reproduction allows for genetic recombination and more variability among individuals. |
| Under what circumstances would you expect sexual reproduction to be favored? | The environment is changing, Specialized pathogens or other natural enemies are present |
| which method has the most advantages/disadvantages of asexual reproduction ? | selfing- or self pollination |
| meiosis | a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. |
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