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Reproductive System
Wk 14 Ch 27
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the male accessory sex glands? | the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. |
| What is the layer of smooth muscle in the superficial fascia, that wrinkles the scrotal skin. | dartos muscle |
| What arises from the internal oblique muscles of the trunk, and elevates the testes. | The cremaster muscles- bands of skeletal muscle |
| What actually produces the sperm? | The seminiferous tubules |
| What cells lie in the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules? | the interstitial cells, also called Leydig cells |
| Which cells produce androgens (most importantly testosterone), which they secrete into the surrounding interstitial fluid. | the interstitial cells, also called Leydig cells |
| Which arteries, which branch from the abdominal aorta superior to the pelvis supply the testes | The long testicular arteries |
| What arise from a network called the pampiniform plexus that surrounds the portion of the testicular artery within the scrotum like a climbing vine | The testicular veins draining the testes |
| What absorbs heat from the arterial blood, cooling it before it enters the testes. Thus, this plexus provides an additional way to keep the testes at their cool homeostatic temperature. | The pampiniform plexus |
| What surrounds the urethra | The midventral erectile body, the corpus spongiosum |
| The paired dorsal erectile bodies, called what make up most of the penis and are bound by fibrous tunica albuginea. | the corpora cavernosa |
| What are the accessory ducts of the penis? | the epididymis, the ductus deferens, the ejaculatory duct, and the urethra. |
| Like that of the epididymis, the mucosa of the ductus deferens is what kind of epithelium. | pseudostratified epithelium |
| Semen also contains substances that suppress the immune response in the female’s reproductive tract and an antibiotic chemical called what which destroys certain bacteria. | seminalplasmin |
| Pairing of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division is called what? | synapsis |
| During synapsis, little groups of four chromatids called what are formed? | tetrads |
| During synapsis, what are formed within each tetrad as the free ends of one maternal and one paternal chromatid wrap around each other at one or more points. | Crossovers, also called chiasmata |
| during sexual excitement a parasympathetic reflex is triggered that promotes release of what locally? | nitric oxide |
| What kind of neural reflex is penile erection? | parasympathetic |
| Another parasympathetic effect of erection is stimulation of what, whose secretion of which lubricates the glans penis. | the bulbourethral glands |
| What is the main missing ingredient in impotence? | Nitric oxide |
| What inhibits nitric oxide release in healthy males? | Psychological factors, alcohol, or certain drugs |
| What is the cause of chronic impotence? | largely the result of hormonal, vascular, or nervous system problems. |
| What neural pathway controls ejaculation? | sympathetic |
| What is the sequence of events in the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produces male gametes–sperm or spermatozoa? | spermatogenesis |
| the diploid chromosomal number of the organism, symbolized as 2n refers to what? | the normal amount of chromosomes in most body cells, 46 |
| Diploid cells contain 23 pairs (total of 46) of similar chromosomes called what? | homologous chromosomes or homologues. |
| The number of chromosomes present in human gametes is 23, referred to as what? | the haploid chromosomal number |
| Gamete formation in both sexes involves what type of cell division that only occurs in the gonads? | meiosis |
| What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? | Mitosis (with only 1 cell division) creates 2 daughter cells, each w/46 chromosomes and meiosis (with 2 consecutive cell divisions) creates 4 daughter cells, each w/23 chromosomes |
| What is meiosis I referred to because it reduces the chromosome number from 2n to n? | the reduction division of meiosis. |
| What is meiosis II referred to because the chromatids are distributed equally to the daughter cells (as in mitosis)? | the equational division of meiosis |
| What 2 important tasks does meiosis accomplish? | It reduces the chromosomal number by half and it introduces genetic variability. |
| What are the outermost seminiferous tubule cells, which are in direct contact with the epithelial basal lamina called? | stem cells called spermatogonia |
| Spermatogonium results in 2 distinctive daughter cells; which one remains at the basement membrane to maintain the germ cell line | the type A daughter cell |
| Which cell of spermatogonium gets pushed toward the lumen, where it becomes a primary spermatocyte destined to produce four sperm | The type B cell |
| Each primary spermatocyte generated during the first phase undergoes meiosis I, forming two smaller haploid cells called what? | secondary spermatocytes. |
| What are the daughter cells of secondary spermatocytes which continue on rapidly into meiosis II called? | spermatids |
| Adhering to the top of the sperm's nucleus is a helmetlike what and is produced by the Golgi apparatus and contains hydrolytic enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate and enter an egg. | acrosome |
| The sperm midpiece contains what spiraled tightly around the contractile filaments of the tail. | mitochondria |
| What provides the metabolic energy (ATP) needed for the whiplike movements of the tail that will propel the sperm along its way in the female reproductive tract. | The mitochondria |
| Which cells form the blood-testis barrier, nourish spermatogenic cells, move them toward the lumen of the tubules, and secrete fluid for sperm transport? | sustentacular cells |
| Spermatogenesis–from formation of a primary spermatocyte to release of immature sperm into the lumen–takes how long? | 64 to 72 days. |
| When an unsupported uterus sinks until the tip of the cervix protrudes through the external vaginal opening, this condition is called what? | prolapse of the uterus. |
| What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall? | perimetrium, endometrium, and myometrium |
| What are the 2 layers of the endometrium? | stratum functionalis or functional layer - sloughes off via menses stratum basalis - forms new functionalis after menses |
| The greater vestibular glands of the vagina are homologous to what males structure? | the bulbourethral glands |
| After a primordial follicle is activated (a process directed by the oocyte), the squamouslike cells surrounding the primary oocyte grow, becoming cuboidal cells, and the oocyte enlarges. What is the follicle now called? | a primary follicle |
| What is the pain sometimes felt that is caused by the intense stretching of the ovarian wall during ovulation called during ovulation? | mittelschmerz |
| What do testicular lobules contain and what do they do? | sperm-producing seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells that produce androgens |
| What is the erectile tissue of the penis? | corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa |
| Each month, one primary oocyte completes meiosis I, producing what two things? | a large secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body. |
| Meiosis II of the secondary oocyte produces a functional ovum and a second polar body, but does not occur unless what happens? | the secondary oocyte is penetrated by a sperm. |
| In the luteal phase (days 15–28) of the ovarian cycle, the ruptured follicle is converted to what and produces what? | a corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and estrogen for the remainder of the cycle. |
| Which hormone promotes oogenesis. | Estrogen |
| Potentiates the activity of testosterone on spermatogenic cells | androgen binding protein |
| Hormones that directly regulate the ovarian cycle | FSH, LH |
| Chemicals in males that inhibit the pituitary-testicular axis | inhibin, testosterone |
| In females, exerts feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary | estrogens, progesterone, inhibin |
| Stimulates the secretion of testosterone | LH |
| The menstrual cycle can be divided into three continuous phases. Starting from the first day of the cycle, their consecutive order is: | menstrual, proliferative, secretory, |
Created by:
svking01
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