Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Pharmacology
Week 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemicals that inhibit specific bacteria | antibiotics |
| What are the two way antibodies are made? | - by living organisms - by synthetic manufacturer through genetic engineering |
| Those substances that inhibit the growth of bacteria. | bacteriostatic |
| Those that kill bacteria directly | bactericidal |
| Refers to the resistance of the microbe to the drug. | Antimicrobial Resistance |
| What are some factors that contribute to resistance? | - insufficient duration of therapy - prophylactic use of antibiotics |
| What is the goal of antibiotic therapy? | Decrease the population of the invading bacteria to a point where the human immune system can effectively deal with the invader |
| A__________ is a test to find germs (such as bacteria or a fungus) that can cause an infection. A __________ test checks to see what kind of medicine, such as an antibiotic, will work best to treat the illness or infection | culture, sensitivity |
| Based on the-_______ report, an antibiotic is chosen that has been known to be effective at treating the invading organism. | culture |
| Gram positive bacteria absorb gram stain and are often ______. | Aerobic - need a fresh supply of oxygen to reproduce. |
| Gram negative bacteria do not absorb gram stain and tend to be Anaerobic or Aerobic. | Anaerobic |
| What is more difficult to eradicate Anaerobic bacteria or Aerobic? why | Anaerobic bacteria are much more difficult to eradicate because they can reproduce in an environment that is oxygen free |
| __________ spectrum drugs affect only a few microorganism; whereas __________spectrum drugs affect many microorganisms | Narrow, broad |
| What is the benefit of narrow spectrum antibiotics? | limits the potential for adverse effects and super infections. |
| Combination drugs are used to treat an infection that is caused by more than one pathogen (mixed infection). What is it also used for? | to prevent resistant microbes from developing |
| An infection that occurs during the course of treatment for the primary infection. Infections caused by organisms that are usually controlled by the normal flora. | Superinfection |
| Give two reason why certain microbes proliferate in the absences of normal flora? | - They no longer have other microbes secreting toxins in their proximity. - They no longer need to compete for available nutrients. |
| What is one of the best ways to avoid superinfections? | Good hand washing |
| These are similar to Penicillin in structure and activity. There are four generations and each one has its own spectrum of activity. | Cephalosporins |
| First generation cephalosporins are largely effective against what? | Gram negative and gram positive bacteria |
| What is the first generation cephalosporin prototype we need to know? | Cephalexin (keflex) |
| What is Keflex used for? PEck | (P)Proteus mirabilis (E)Escherichia (c)coli (K) Klebsiella pneumoniae |
| The action of cephalosporins is broad spectrum, bactericidal or bacteriostatic. | All three depending on dose used and specific drug involved. |
| Cephalosporins are used to treat infections like: Acute bronchitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, respiratory infections, treatment of skin and skin structure infections, UTI, and community acquired pneumonia. How do they fight these? | Interfere with the cell wall building ability of bacteria when they divide. Basically the bacteria with the weakened cell walls swell and burst as a result of the osmotic pressure within the cell. |
| What are the main adverse effects of Cephalosporins? | Most common involve GI tract- N/V, diarrhea, anorexia, ABD. Pain, flatulence, pseudomembranous colitis. |
| What drugs should you use caution with when clients have hepatic or renal impairment? Nephrotoxicity is associated with drug in patients who have a predisposing renal insufficiency. | Cephalosporins |
| Cephalosporins should be discount STAT when? What should you monitor IV sites for? | bloody diarrhea is noted or abdominal pain. Phlebitis - inflammation of a vein |
| Cephalosporins should not be administered with what drugs and what are the reasons? | Aminoglycosides - increases risk for nephrotoxicity Anticoagulants - increase risk for bleeding Avoid alcohol 72 hours after drug discontinuation - disulfiram like reaction - like a hangover |
| This results in unpleasant symptoms such as flushing, throbbing headache, N/V, chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea, syncope, Blurred vision, | Disulfiram like reaction |
| What are the patient teaching for cephalosporins? | - Avoid consuming alcohol for at least 72 hours after completing ABX regimen. - Report dyspnea, headache, severe diarrhea, dizziness, or weakness. -Drink lots of fluids. -Take full regimen. |
| Some patient have CNS adverse side effects from cephalosporins. What are the adverse effects | Headache, dizziness, lethargy |
| This is a relatively new class of antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity. | Fluoroquinolones |
| What are Fluoroquinolones used for? | Treating infections caused by susceptible strains of gram-negative bacteria. Includes: urinary track, respiratory track, and skin infections |
| How do Fluoroquinolones work on bacteria? | Broad spectrum, bactericidal - Interferes with DNA replication in susceptible gram-negative bacteria, preventing cell reproduction |
| What is the prototype of Fluoroquinolones? | ciprofloxacin (Cipro) |
| What are the contraindications/precautions of Fluoroquinolones? | - Do not give to pregnant or lactating patients - potential fetal damage - Do not give to people younger than 18 - increased risk for C-diff |
| What are the adverse effects of Fluoroquinolones? What is the black box warning for Fluoroquinolones? | bone marrow depression, photosensitivity. Headache, dizziness, GI upset, depression. Black Box warning: Risk for tendonitis, tendon rupture. |
| Fluoroquinolones have a decrease effect when given with any of what 3 drugs? | - antacids - Theophylline - corticosteroids |
| If fluroquinolones and corticosteroids are given together can lead to an increased risk of what? | tendonitis and tendon rupture. |
| What are the patient teaching for fluroquinolones? | - Drink a lot of fluids (N/V, diarrhea may occur). - Avoid sun exposure. - take full regiment of the drug - Report difficult breathing, severe headache, diarrhea, severe skin rash, fainting spells, heart palpitations, tendon pain. |
| Always check _________ and ____________ reports to ensure that the drug is the drug of choice . | sensitivity. culture |
| How does Penicillin work? What is the spectrum? | Bactericidal - Destroy bacteria by weakening the cell wall - Narrow and broad spectrum |
| What is penicillin prototype? | Amoxicillin |
| What does penicillin treat? | Treats infections due to gram –positive cocci such as strep pneumoniae (Pneumonia and meningitis). Treats Helicobacter Infections. |
| Use caution when using penicillin in patient with what? lower the dose. | renal disease |
| What are the adverse effects of penicillin? | GI tract-N/V, sore mouth, furry tongue./V, diarrhea, glossitis, gastritis. |
| What drugs should not be given with penicillin? | tetracycline and aminoglycosides |
| What are the patient teachings for penicillin | - Drink a lot of fluids (even with N/V, diarrhea may occur). -Report S/S of superinfections. -Observe IV for phlebitis. - PCN, taken on an empty stomach |
| resistant antibiotics not inactivated by the penicillinase enzyme | Penicillinase |
| class of medicine that block the activity of beta-lactamase enzymes, preventing the degradation of the beta lactam antibiotics. | Beta-lactamase Inhibitors |
| enzymes produced by bacteria that provide multi-resistance to B-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems. | Beta lactamases |
Created by:
sbertelsen
Popular Biology sets