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Mental Health
Understanding Stress and Holistic Approaches to Stress Management
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the initial alarm reaction to stress? | Fight or flight response. |
| The pituitary releases ________ as well as activating hormones for the adrenal medulla after it is stimulated by the hypothalamus. | ACTH |
| The adrenal medulla pumps ______, _______, and other ________ into the bloodstream in the fight or flight response. | adrenaline, noradrenaline, catecholamines |
| What happens to the heart rate and BP in the fight or flight response? What does this cause? | They both rise and this causes an increase of circulation of blood to the body. |
| What happens to the airways in the lungs during the fight or flight response? What does this cause? | They dilate and this facilitates the oxygenation of the blood with the increased blood flow. |
| Where does the blood shift to from the smooth muscles of the digestive system during fight or flight? | It shifts to the skeletal muscles. |
| What happens to the plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides and free fatty acids in fight or flight? Why? | They increase so that they may be used by the body as fuel. |
| Why does platelet aggregation increase during fight or flight? | To aid in blood clotting. |
| Why is kidney clearance reduced in fight or flight? | To preven loss of water. |
| What are the two stages of general adaptation syndrome (GAS)? | An initial adaptive response in the alarm or acute stress phase and the eventual maladaptive responses to prolonged stress. |
| This biopsychosocial model provides evidence that stress, through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetitc-adrenal medullary axes can induce modulation of the immune system. | Psychoneuroimmunology |
| Once the immune system is activated by stress, it sends what to the brain? | proinflammatory cytokines |
| What do cytokines do? | They signal the CNS to initiate a myriad of responses to help the body adapt to the stress. |
| The PNI model helps to explain that there is a link between | Stress (Biopsychosocial) and disease. |
| Physical stressors include: | Environmental conditions such as trauma and excessive cold or heat, as well as physical conditions such as infection, hunger, hemorrhage, and pain. |
| Psychological stressors include: | divorce, loss of a job, unmanageable debt, death of a loved one, retirement, and fear of a terrorist attack, as well as changes we might consider to be positive like marriage, arrival of new baby, or unexpected success. |
| It is more the _______ of a recent life event that determines the person's emotional and psychological reactions to it. | Perception |
| Responses to stress are affected by what factors? | Age, sex, culture, life experiences and lifestyle. |
| What are the four discrete personal attributes (coping styles) that people can develop to help them manage stress? | Health sustaining habits, life satisfactions, social supports, effective and healthy responses to stress. |
| What are the most effective ways to reduce stress? | Cognitive-behavioral methods. |
| What are the different relaxation techniques? | Benson's Relaxation Techniques, meditation, guided imagery and breathing exercises. |
| Exercise has what kind of an effect in adults and children? | It has antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. |
| What is progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)? | A technique that can help people achieve deep relaxation. This practice requires special training. |
| What are the cognitive approaches uses to reduce stress? | Journal writing, priority restructuring, cognitive reframing, humor, assertiveness training. |
| Priority restructuring is the act of | Shifting the balance from stress-roducing to stress-reducing activities. |
| Cognitive reframing is the process of | Replacing worried self-statements with more positive self-statements. |
| Acute stress can cause responses such as | Uneasiness and concern; sadness; loss of appetite; suppression of the immune system; increased metabolism and use of body fats; and infertility. |
| Prolonged stress can cause responses such as | Anxiety and panic attacks; depression or melancholia; and anorexia or overeating. |
| Acute stress produces a/an initial ______ response and prolonged stress produces a _______consequences. | Adaptive, Maladaptive |
| Each culture not only emphasizes certain problems of living more than others but also | Interprets emotional problems differently than do other cultures. |
| What is the most beneficial method to reduce stress? | Cognitive-behavioral methods. |
| A useful tool for assessing an individual's susceptibility to physical and mental illness is | The Life-Changing Events Questionnaire |
| This assessment tool assesses the stress level for the past 6 to 12 months. | The Life-Changing Events Questionnaire |
| These techniques embody specific methods that enable most people to elicit what is referred to as the relaxation response. | Benson's relaxation techniques. |
| What effect of stress can be attributed to stimulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex in the short term? | Increased gluconeogenesis |
| What effect of stress can be attributed to stimulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex over the long term? | Insulin resistance |
| An Asian client would be most likely to respond to stress by the subjective experience of | somatic complaints |
| High-quality social support relationships have qualities that include | reciprocal closeness |
| The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome can be characterized as | adaptive |
| The relaxation response calls on what type of activation? | Parasympathetic activation. |
| What approach to reducing client stress is most effective in people with low to moderate hypnotic ability? | Biofeedback |
| A nurse teaches a client a technique for examining negative thoughts and restating them in positive ways. This technique is called | cognitive reframing |
| What tool might be useful in assessing the amount of stress a client has experienced in the past year? | Life Changing Event Questionnaire |
| A client has hypertension. She has an automatic cycling BP cuff placed on her arm and its readings are made audible by a changing tone. The client uses relaxation techniques to lower her BP and her success is validated by the tone. This process describes | Biofeedback |
| A technique for gaining conscious control over unconscious processes. | Biofeedback |
| Meditation is successful in promoting stress reduction because it | Activates the parasympathetic nervous system. |
| Self-help groups are useful for reducing an individual's stress because they provide the individual with the stress mediator identified as | social support |
| Instruction in sequential tensing and relaxing of various muscle groups until the entire body is relaxed is an example of what kind of stress reduction therapy? | Benson's method of progressive relaxation |
| Being attached to a machine that monitors a physical parameter and receiving audible feedback about the state of that parameter is an example of what kind of stress reduction therapy? | Biofeedback |
| Having a nurse enter the client's energy field to rebalance it and bring harmony is an example of what kind of stress reduction therapy? | Therapeutic touch |
| Being led into a positive imaginary sensory experience is an example of what kind of stress reduction therapy? | Guided Imagery |
| An advantage of the Miller and Rahe updated life event and social readjustment scale is that it | Assesses stress threshold and potential for future illness. |
| The nurse decides to implement guided imagery to mediate stress experienced by a client who has chronic debilitating back pain. The physiologic basis for the success of this treatment is | â-endorphin release raises the pain threshold |
| _________stimulates release of â-endorphins, a brain chemical that raises the individual's pain threshold. | Guided Imagery |
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