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FTCE Gen Sci1
FTCE General Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Characteristics of good communication | describe what can be observed through the senses brief precise descriptions share qualitative and quantitative observations consider receiver's point of view obtain feedback use alternative observations |
| serial ordering | sorting along a continuum based on shared characteristics |
| what types of traits do classification systems use | unambiguous traits |
| Basic SI units | candela newton kelvin meter gram second mole |
| Inferences | interpretations of observations |
| multistage observation | classification into smaller and smaller groups |
| The 5 E's | Engage Explain Explore Elaborate Evaluate |
| Single Stage Classification | classification based on a single trait |
| parts of inquiry | a problem materials for investigation a procedure for investigation a solution for the problem |
| Characteristics of life | cellular organization irritability (response to stimuli) homeostasis metabolism growth and development reproduction |
| tenets of cell theory | all living things are made of cells cells are the smallest unit of life cells come from other cells |
| stimulus | any change to the environment |
| ways that growth occurs | cell division or enlargement |
| 3 bacterial shapes | coccus sprillium bacillus |
| respiration/ photosynthesis equation | C6H1206 + 6O2 = 6CO2 +6H20 +ENERGY (light) |
| 2 main parts of photosynthesis | light reactions; light independent reactions (Calvin cycle) |
| 3 types of birth | oviparous viviparous ovoviviparous |
| How does the CNS connect to the PNS | via 12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves |
| 2 parts of the skeleton | axial vs apendicular |
| What does the lymphatic system do | collects fluid from organs and returns it to the circulatory system |
| father of genetics | Gregor Mendel |
| animal behavior types | communicative, chemical, mating, courtship, feeding, parental, social, aggressive/territorial, dominant/submissive |
| 2 main categories of behavior | Acquired and innate ( learned and instinctive) |
| how do organisms respond to climate change | migrate, acclimatize, genetic change (evolve), |
| altricial | being born in an immature state relying exclusively on parental care during early development. |
| keystone spp | a species whose role is essential of the functioning of a healthy ecosystem |
| Most abundant element on the universe | H2 90% |
| major land biomes | tundra (north hemisphere) taiga (boreal forest) temperate forest, tropical forest, grasslands, mountains, desert, chaparral, savanna |
| Definition of a desert | less than 25cm of water per year |
| rate of ridge spreading | 2,5cm/yr |
| (founder) uniformitarianism | James Hutton |
| Ice ages period | pleistocene |
| mineral | inorganic naturally occurring solid at room temp definite chemical structure |
| 3 types of sedimentary rock | clastic chemical organic |
| main geologic principles | uniformitarianism plate tectonics faunal succession |
| 2 earthquake belts | cirupacific ;alpine-Himalayan |
| marl vs peat | marl- aerobic peat-anaerobic |
| other types of radiometric dating | Carbon 14, potassium 40, uranium 235 |
| frost wedging | ice weathering |
| Karaman line | 100km where outerspace "begins" |
| 3 main weather cells | hadley, ferrel, polar |
| hurricanes spin | counterclockwise |
| rate of mountain range rise | 1mm/yr |
| factors controlling climate | latitude elevation nearby water topography vegetation prevailing winds |
| cryosphere components | icesheets permafrost sea-ice glaciers |
| equator length | ~40,000km |
| semi diurnal tide | 2 highs and 2 lows |
| diurnal tide | one high and one low |
| mixed tide | 2 highs and 2 lows of unequal height |
| NASA Space goals | ATM composition, weather, water cycle, CO2cycle and eco systems, earth surface and interior, climate change, societal benefit. |
| sun rotation | 25/35 days |
| length of a solar cycle | ~11 years |
| NASA Missions | orbiting carbon observatory Aqua- H2O cycle and vegetation cover NuStar- maps regions of the sky including remnants of explosions GRAIL- map of the moon Cassini- explore Saturn and its moons |
| where is the asteroid belt | between mars and jupiter |
| where is the scatter disk | past the heliopause |
| where is the oort cloud | spherical, surrounding the solar system starts about 7.5 trillion km out to about halfway into the solar system. source of long period comets |
| where is the kuiper belt | past Neptune. source of short period comets |
| a stars lifetime is proportional to.. | its mass/its luminosity |
| Star classification, letters | MGK FABO (sun is a G) |
| How do telescopes work | by capturing more light than the human eye can on it's own |
| 1 parcect | 3.26 lightyears (31 trillion km) |
| what type of light does the Spitzer telescope "see" | infrared |
| what type of light does Chondra detect | X-rays |
| what telescope is replacing the Hubble | the James Webb ( it will also be able to detect infrared light) |
| mass | the amount of matter in an object |
| conservation of charge | charge is neither created nor destroyed |
| boyles law | P*V=C |
| guy lussacs law | P/T=C |
| most abundant element of Earth and second most | O2 46.6% Si 27.7% |
| 3 definitions of acids and bases | Arrhenius hydroxide vs hydronium Bronstead-lowery Proton accept/donate Lewis (dot structures) electrons; donate accept |
| elementary charge | 1.6X10^-19 |
| 1 coulomb | 6.24X10^18 electrons |
| Electron orbital letters and names | sharp principal diffuse fundamental |
| electron shells | klmnopq |
| number of electrons per orbital | s2 p8 d18 f32 |
| Afbau principal | fill lowest electron energy level first |
| which fills first the next s or the current d orbital | the next s |
| Antoine Levosier | conservation of mass |
| Dalton | atom solid sphere (modern atomic theory) |
| Mendeleev | periodic table |
| JJ thompson | plum pudding, discovered electrons |
| Rutherford | mini planets, discovered the nucleus |
| Bohr | fixed orbits, discovered electron shells/energy levels |
| Broglie | wave particle duality of electrons |
| Schrodinger | wave probability function of electrons |
| naturally occurring elements | the first 94 |
| ionization energy | the amount of energy required to remove one electron from one atom |
| electron affinity | the amount of energy released when an electron as added to form a negative ion |
| 4 types of bonds | ionic covalent metallic hydrogen |
| ionic bond | metal to non metal, electrons stolen |
| covalent bond | nonmetal to nonmetal; sharing is caring |
| metal bond | electron soup, slip n slide |
| hydrogen bond | dipoles, opposites attract (weak bond) |
| contact forces | spring, normal, tension, air resistance, friction, applied forces |
| at a distance forces | strong and weak nuclear, gravity, elctromagnetic |
| weight | f(grav)*mass |
| force | mass * acceleration |
| acceleration definition | change in speed over time (delta s/t) |
| momentum | mass*velocity |
| work | force*displacement; f*d*cos (theta) |
| mechanical advantage | force out/force in ; resistance/effort |
| pressure | force /area; 1N/1m^2 |
| Avogadros number | 6.022*10^23 atoms make a mole |
| current | voltage/resistance I=V/R (ohms law) |
| power | voltage*current (amp); work/time |
| acceleration formula | net force/mass |
| watt | volt*amp or Joules/second |
| voltage | Joule/coulomb watt/amp |
| Joule | 1N/1M |
| Amp | 1coulomb/1second; watt/voltage |
| gravitational force is inversely proportional to | M1*M2/d2 the product of the two masses divided by the square of the distance between them |
| factors affecting the intensity of sound waves | density of the medium vibration of the medium wave speed amplitude |
| NM and THz of visible light | 400-700nm and 430 and 750 THz |
| speed of light | 299,792,458m/s |
| wave period | how long it takes two successive wave to pass a certain point |
| 4 north poles | celestial, geographic, magnetic, instananeous |
| charge by induction | charges move on an object when placed near another object |
| static electricity in a cloud | wind rubs water particles rice and dust charging them by friction |
| resistance in a series circuit | add up resistors |
| resistance in a parallel circuit | product divided by their sum |
| age of the universe | 13.7 billion |
| age of the Earth | 4.6 billion |
| speed of sound | 343m/s |
| density of saltwater | ~1030 kg/m^3 |
| density of fresh water | 1000kg/m^3 |
| full length of a year | 365d 5h 46m 48 s |
| equator length | 40,000km |
| thickness of the ATM | 480km |
| number of cranial nerves and spinal nerves | 12; 31 |
| major latitude lines | The Arctic Circle (66°N) The Tropic of Cancer (23° N) The Equator (0°) The Tropic of Capricorn (23°S) The Antarctic Circle (66°S) |
| rate of ridge spreading | 5-9 cm/year |
| 1AU | ~150 million km |
| 1 light year | ~9.5 trillion km (9,460,730,472,580.8 kilometers) |
| Boyles law | PV=C; P1V1=P2V2 |
| magnetic properties | attractive, repulsive, directive |
| Alfred Wegener | proposed continental drift |
| thickness of continental crust | ~32km |
| thickness of oceanic crust | ~8km |
| 1 coulomb | 6.24 *10^18 |
| 1 ATM | 1,013.25 millibars, one standard atmosphere, or 101.325 kilopascals. |
| soil forming factors | rock type time vegetation landscape climate |
| types of faults | normal reverse strike-slip |
| What determines density | atomic mass of constituent atoms of a given compound |
| how do forces between particles behave at long and short distances? | attract at long distances and repel at short distances |
| Earths five spheres | cryosphere biosphere ATM geosphere hydrosphere |
| loess | sediment deposited by wind |
| what is a native element? | a mineral composed of only on element in nature e.g. gold |
| liquefaction | occurs when a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress; earthquake or other sudden change in stress , a solid material behaves like a liquid. |
| characteristics of a star | ball of gas that emits light and heat |
| Kepler's laws of planetary motion | elliptical orbit w/ sun as a focus planet always "sweeps out" the same area in its orbit (orbital period)^2= (distance from sun in AU)^3 |
| newtons law of universal gravitation | 1-all objects attract long distance 2-mass affects gravity which is proportional to the product of the masses 3- gravity is inverse to the square of the distance 4-gravity affects planetary motion |
| sun fusion steps | 1- two protons combine and eject a "neutron">deuterium 2- deuterium and H combine and create helium 3>sunlight (gamma) 3-2 helium 3 combine to make helium 4>gamma rays and neutrons |
| slowest rotation speed in the universe | venus 243 days |
| 3 zones of the sun | core radiative convective |
| main layers of suns ATM | the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona |
| cluster | a place where galaxies are concentrated |
| critical mass | the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. |
| What type of uranium | U235 must be separated from U238 |
| alpha decay | emit He |
| weapons grade | 90%U235 |
| How is plutonium239 made | bombarding U238 with neutrons |
| how is U235 enriched | gas and centrifuge |
| what is the critical mass for atoms | 230 |
| deposition | gas turning into a solid |
| deflation | all fine sediment has blown away leaving desert pavement |
| 0 law of thermal dynamics | if two systems are in equilibrium with a third system then they are also in equilibrium with each other |
| 1 law of thermal dynamics | conservation of matter end energy |
| 2 law of thermal dynamics | enthalpy=work+heat; entropy always increases no system is 100% efficient; some energy will be lost as heat |
| 3 law of thermal dynamics | absolute zero can't be reached; a system approaches a constant value as it approaches abs zero |
| potential energy eq | PE=mass*gravity*height (weight*height) |
| kinetic energy | 1/2 mv^2 |
| coulombs law | like charges repel and opposite charges attract, with a force proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. |
| reactance | resistance to a change in current or voltage |
| Norethers Theorem | for every symmetry there exists a corresponding conservation law. i.e. there is a quantity that is constant; the laws of physics don't change over time |
| entropy | tendency of matter to become evenly spread throughout the universe |
| angular momentum; linear momentum | mv*(distance from center(radius);mv |
| SI Prefixes | tera giga mega kilo hecto deca (base) deci centi mili micro nano pico |
| what percent of the EM spectrum is visible | 1% |
| visible light angstroms | 7000-4000A |
| how are gamma rays produced | fusion fission alpha and gamma decay |
| how are X-rays produced | by accelerating neutrons |
| two types of lenses | convex concave |
| focal length | the distance from a lens to its point of focus |
| Democritus | posited atoms in 442 BC |
| Fla geography | Fla is a limestone plateau with karst topography |
| respiration summary | glycolysis >link reaction> krebs cycle> electron transport chain |
| relationships between organisms | mutualism commensalism parasitism (predation, competition) |
| combined gas law | P1-V1/T1=P2-V2/T2 |
| polyatomic elements | S P Se |
| diatomic elements | Bron H Clif bromine oxygen nitrogen hydrogen chlorine iodine fluorine |
| short circuit | allows current to travel along a path where there is essentially no resistance removing power from working components |
| tornadoes | form when columns of warm air begin to rise quickly |
| gas chromatograph | splits sample into components |
| spectroscope | splits light into components |
| refracting vs reflecting | focuses light vs change direction of light via mirrors |
| mRNA | transported out of nucleus; transcription |
| acquired traits | result from experience; not passed to offspring |
| N decomposers | produce ammonia |
| moment | and objects tenancy to spin; F*distance |
| denitrifying bacteria | put N2 back in the ATM |
| possible ice age causes | sulfur compound released into the ATM stratosphere mix with water to form sulfuric acid haze leading to a cooling trend |
| eons | Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phanerozoic |
| eras | precambrian paleaozoic mesozoic phanerozoic |
| periods | precambrian cambrian ordovician silurian devonian carboniferous permian triassic jurassic cretaceous tertiary quaternary |
| ideal gas law | PV=nRT n=moles of substance R=constant |
| combined gas law | P1V1/T1=P2V2/V2 |
| Adiabatic cooling | is the process of reducing heat through a change in air pressure caused by volume expansion. |
| Adiabatic heating | heating when it is compressed. Or. A change in the temperature of a material without addition of heat that happens when the pressure of a gas is increased |
| numbers in front of a elements symbol | top number-number of protons and neutrons Bottom number-number of protons only |
| grams to moles | number of grams of a compound/molar mass |
| molar mass | number of atoms/atomic weight |
| brewster's law | deals with the polarization of light |
| capacitance | the ratio of the change in an electric charge in a system to the corresponding change in its electric potential. the ratio of the change in an electric charge in a system to the corresponding change in its electric potential. |
| galaxy | a large collection of stars gas and dust held together by gravity |
| efficiency | measure of a how effective a machine is at converting energy into work |
| dimension analysis | used to convert units |
| frequency | cycles per second wave speed*wavelength |
| simple machines can multiply | force and speed |
| age of the sun | 4.8 billion years |
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