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BIOLOGY GLOSSARY 8
glossary terms chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | a syndrome in which helper T lymphocytes are destroyed and are in sufficiently low numbers that the immune response to infection is impaired. Can result from malignancy or HIV/AIDS |
| Active immunity | immunity that involves an individuals own adaptive immune response, through B and T lymphocytes |
| Allergy | the rapid and vigorous overreaction of the immune system to antigens called allergens. Allergic reactions involve the production of IgE by b lymphocytes and the release of histamine by mast cells |
| Antiserum | a serum containing specific antibodies |
| Artificial active immunity | active immunity resulting from the administration of antigens, such as through vaccinations |
| Artificial passive immunity | the administration, usually by injection, of antibodies produced by another organism to provide in immediate, specific immune response |
| Autoimmune disease | disease which there is failure of tolerance & an adaptive immune response is directed against a self-antigen, causing T lymphocytes to attack tissue directly and B lymphocytes to produce antibodies against the self antigen. Can be original or generalised |
| Demylination | damage to the myelin sheath that surround nerve cell axons, which limits or stops the ability of the nerve to transmit electrical impulses |
| Dendritic cell | a type of antigen-presenting cell |
| Herd immunity | phenoenon in which vaccination of a large proportion of a population provides protection from a pathogen to non-immune or non-vaccinated individuals |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | the retrovirus that is left untreated is responsible for causing AIDS |
| Immunodeficiency | an inadequate response by the immune system to the presence of antigens. Immunodeficiency diseases can be acquired or congenital |
| Immunoglobulin E (IgE) | a type of antibody that mediates allergic reactions |
| Immunotherapy | any treatment that harnesses the immune system of the patient to fight diseases; for example, monoclonal antibody therapy |
| Inactivated vaccine | vaccines made from inactivated (killed) forms of pathogens. Inactivation destroys the pathogens' ability to replicate, but keeps it 'intact' so it can be recognised by the immune system |
| Live attenuated vaccine | vaccine that uses a weakened form of the disease - causing agent to stimulate an immune response, but which doesn't cause disease |
| Monoclonal antibody | antibody produced by a single clone of B lymphocytes grown in culture. The antibodies produced by the clone are identical and specific to the same antigen |
| Natural active immunity | active immunity induced as a result of survival of a natural infection |
| Natural passive immunity | passive transfer of antibodies from mother to foetus through the placenta prior to birth, and from mother to baby through breastfeeding |
| Passive immunity | immunity provided by the transfer of antibodies produced in another organism |
| Serum | the fluid portion of blood that remains after blood cells and material involved in blood clotting has been removed |
| Vaccination | the technique of artificially inducing an adaptive immune response by administering (usually by infection) a vaccine usually made of altered, weakened or killed microorganisms, or inactivated forms of toxins or antigens |
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emmawalton05
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