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Micro Ch. 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| active site | the site on an enzyme to which substrates bind; is specific for each substrate |
| active transport | the transport of substances across a plasma membrane; requires cellular energy |
| aerobic cellular respiration | catabolic process that requires oxygen and releases energy |
| affinity | an attraction or force between particles that causes them to combine |
| algae | large and diverse group of simple organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms, containing chlorophyll that is needed for photosynthesis |
| allosteric site | a site that, when activated by a noncompetitive inhibitor, will change the shape of the active site of an enzyme |
| amphitrichous | describing a a microbial cell with a single flagellum at opposite poles |
| anabolism | the synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones. this reaction requires energy |
| anaerobic cellular respiration | catabolic process, part of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen |
| anticodon | trinucleotide sequence of transfer RNA (tRNA) that is complementary to the trinucleotide sequence of messenger RNA |
| apoenzyme | the protein portion of an enzyme |
| archaea | a group of single-celled microorganisms that are similar to bacteria because they are also prokaryotes, but are evolutionarily different |
| binary fission | form of asexual reproduction involving dividing the cell into 2 equal, duplicate cells. |
| biofilm | microorganisms organized into complex communities of different organisms, growing on a surface |
| catabolism | metabolic pathway that breaks down large molecules into smaller units. these reactions release energy |
| cell organelles | a specialized subunit within a cell, with a specific function and usually membrane bound |
| cellular respiration | the process by which the chemical energy of nutrient molecules is released and captured in the form of ATP |
| central dogma | the transcription of DNA to RNA to protein |
| chemotrophs | an organism that uses energy from the breakdown of nutrient molecules |
| chloroplast | cell organisms found in algae and plant cells that are capable of converting sun energy into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis |
| chromosome | In eukaryotic cells, a single DNA molecule that includes proteins called histones. In prokaryotic cells, the DNA is not associated with histones and the chromosome is usually circular |
| coenzymes | nonprotein portions of an enzyme, usually a derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, and often necessary for enzyme activation |
| cofactors | nonprotein portion of an enzyme, usually a metal ion |
| competition | carrier-mediated transport can exhibit competition for binding sites on the carrier molecule when two similarly shaped molecules compete for the same binding site |
| competitive enzyme inhibition | describing a situation in which a substance similar to the substrate is competing for the active site of an enzyme |
| conjugation | the transfer of genetic material during cell-to-cell contact |
| cytoplasm | a dense, gelatinous matrix composed of 70% to 80% water, located within the plasma membrane |
| cytoskeleton | the internal framework of a cell composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. It provides support and movement in eukaryotic cells |
| cytosol | the liquid portion of a cell's cytoplasm |
| diffusion | the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the expenditure of cellular energy |
| electron transport chain | the last step in aerobic cellular respiration, which takes place in the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane and produces most of the energy in aerobic respiration |
| endocytosis | a transport mechanism used by cells to bring substances into the cell |
| endoenzymes | an enzyme that functions within biological membranes |
| enzymes | a biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction |
| episome | a unit of genetic material composed of a series of genes, such as a plasmid; it is capable of integrating itself into the chromosomal DNA of the organism and can be duplicated with every cell division |
| exocytosis | a process by which large molecules, such as polypeptides, proteins, and others, may be excreted form the cell |
| exoenzymes | secreted by cells into their extracellular environment, where they act to break down large molecules into smaller ones so that they can be taken up into cells |
| fermentation | a process of energy production for cells under anaerobic conditions |
| fimbriae | hairlike bacterial surface projections that are more rigid than flagella |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transferred from one form to another |
| flagella | hairlike projections that extend from some unicellular organisms |
| fluid compartments | the compartmentalization of the body's water into divisions, mainly the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) compartments |
| frameshift mutations | genetic mutations that involve the deletion or insertion of one or more nitrogen bases |
| fungi | heterotrophic single-celled, multinucleated, or multicellular organisms, including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms |
| G1 phase | the first step in the interphase of the cell cycle. Cells carry out the metabolic activities characteristic of the tissue to which they belong |
| G2 phase | the third step in the interphase of the cell cycle. The cell continues to grow and its metabolic activities prepare for mitosis |
| gene | a unit, located on a DNA molecule, that encodes particular information |
| genotype | the exact genetic makeup of an organism |
| glycocalyx | an extracellular polymeric matrix surrounding the plasma membrane |
| glycolysis | also known as the Embden-meyerhof pathway, glycolysis is the two-stage process involving the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate |
| gram-negative bacteria | cell wall characterized by a thin peptidoglycan layer that is more complex because it has an outer membrane that provides a cover that is anchored to the lipoprotein molecules of the peptidoglycan layer |
| gram-positive bacteria | cell wall characterized by a thick peptidoglycan layer located external to the cell membrane |
| helicase | enzymes that use the energy of nucleotide hydrolysis to unwind nucleic acid duplexes |
| holoenzymes | enzyme that is combined with one or more cofactors or enzymes |
| hydrolases | enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions |
| inclusions | various nonliving structures within the cytoplasm of a cell |
| integral proteins | plasma membrane proteins that extend from one side through to the other side of the membrane |
| inversions | in genetics, a macrolesion of the DNA in which the order of bases is switched or inverted |
| irreversible inhibition | condition in which substances compete with the substrate for the for the active site of an enzyme, thus inhibiting enzyme action |
| isomerases | enzymes that rearrange atoms within molecules changing the configuration of the actions |
| Krebs cycle | it is a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions in aerobic cellular respiration |
| ligases | enzymes that form bonds between individual monomers to form polymers |
| light-dependent reaction | the first stage of photosynthesis; it requires solar energy, which is converted to chemical energy |
| light-independent reaction | the second stage of photosynthesis, called the dark reactions; they take place in the stroma of chloroplasts |
| lophotrichous | describing a bacterial cell with flagella present in tufts at one or both ends of the organism |
| lyases | enzymes that remove functional groups from a substrate without adding water, or that add functional groups to a double bond |
| macrolesion | an injury to the DNA that involves more than one base pair, or several genes |
| meiosis | a special type of division in eukaryotic cells. This type of cell division occurs only in the formation of gametes |
| microlesion | an injury to the DNA that involves only one base pair |
| mitosis | the usual process of cell division in eukaryotes, with the replicated cells containing the same genetic material as the mother cell |
| monotrichous | describing a bacterial cell with a flagellum at one end |
| motility | the ability of an organism to move by itself |
| M phase | phase of the cell cycle where mitosis and cytokinesis occur |
| mutations | changes to the base pair sequence of DNA or RNA, passed on by cell division |
| noncompetitive inhibition | occurs when a substance binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme, which results in a change of the active site, inhibiting enzyme action |
| nuclear envelope | it is a phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell nucleus |
| nucleoid area | the area in the cytoplasm of bacteria and archaea where the chromosomal DNA is located |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| oxidoreductases | enzymes that catalyze the transfer of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions |
| passive transport | the transport of molecules across plasma membranes without using cellular energy |
| peptidoglycan | a large polymer that is a major component of the bacterial cell wall; also known as murein |
| peripheral proteins | proteins that are partially embedded on one side of the plasma membrane |
| peritrichous | describing a microbial cell with flagella distributed over the general cell surface |
| phagocytosis | ingestion of solids by eukaryotic cells through the process of engulfment |
| phenotype | the observable characteristics or traits of an organism |
| phosphogluconate pathway | it is an alternate catabolic pathway followed by some bacteria |
| photosynthesis | fundamental biochemical process that converts light energy into chemical energy |
| phototrophs | organisms that use sunlight for photosynthesis and release energy during the process |
| pili | bacterial surface projections that are more rigid than flagella |
| pinocytosis | a form of endocytosis by which small particles or liquid are transported into a cell |
| plant | a major division of living organisms generally composed of eukaryotic cells capable of photosynthesis |
| plasma membrane | a phospholipid bilayer surrounding living cells |
| plasmid | a circular nonchromosomal DNA molecule in bacteria |
| point mutations | a mutation in which a single nucleotide base is altered |
| primer RNA | a short strand of RNA initiating DNA synthesis |
| promoter | a unidirectional sequence on one strand of DNA that tells the RNA polymerase where to start transcription and in which direction to continue synthesis |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | a transport process in which a substance binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane, which invaginates, surrounding the substance and pinching off inside the cell |
| reversions | a change in a point mutation that restores the original phenotype |
| saturated | (1) in organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon chain that has the maximum possible number of hydrogens bonded to it; (2) a solution that contains as much dissolved solute as possible under the given conditions |
| specific protein carrier | in carrier-mediated transport, these are protein molecules with binding sites for a particular molecule that will be transported across the plasma membrane |
| S phase | phase of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated in preparation for cell division |
| stroma | the matrix of a chloroplast. The site of the dark reactions of photosynthesis |
| taxis | an innate behavioral response to a directional stimulus |
| terminator sequence | a nucleotide sequence that marks the end of a gene to stop transcription |
| thylakoid membranes | membrane covering of the thylakoid, where the light reactions of photosynthesis take place |
| transduction | in virology, a method of gene transfer in which genes are transported into a bacterial cell by a bacteriophage |
| transferases | an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another |
| transformation | a method of gene transfer in which a piece of free DNA is taken into a bacterial cell and integrated into its genome |
| transposons | sequences of DNA that can around to different positions in the genome |
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elmore00
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