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Micro Ch. 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acids | substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | a chemical compound (nucleotide) that provides energy for the cell |
| anabolism | the synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones. this reaction requires energy |
| anions | negatively charged ions; they move toward the positive pole or anode of an electric field |
| atomic nucleus | the center of the atom; contains protons and neutrons |
| atomic number | equals the number of protons in an atomic nucleus |
| atomic weight | equals the number of protons and neutrons in an atom |
| atoms | a unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element |
| bases | a chemical compound that dissociates in water and releases hydroxyl ions |
| catabolism | metabolic pathway that breaks down large molecules into smaller units. these reactions release energy |
| cations | an ion with a positive charge |
| chemical bond | the result of forces of attraction that hold together atoms in an element or compound, due to the interaction of electrons |
| chemical compounds | a chemical substance that consists of two or more different elements bonded together |
| chemical formula | the shorthand expression for a chemical compound |
| cholesterol | a sterol, a combination of a steroid and an alcohol |
| covalent bonds | a form of chemical bonding that results from a sharing of electrons between 2 atoms of the same element or between atoms of different elements |
| dehydration synthesis | the formation of a larger compound (polymer) from smaller ones (monomers); also called condensation |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | contains the genetic information of a cell; it is a nucleic acid with a double-helix structure containing the sugar deoxyribose and 10 bases per turn |
| disaccharides | compounds formed when 2 monosaccharides combine with the loss of a water molecule |
| electrolyte | a substance that dissociates into free ions when dissolved in a solvent such as water |
| electrons | negatively charged particles orbiting in the shells of atoms |
| elements | a type of atom that can be distinguished by its atomic number |
| endergonic | a chemical reaction that requires energy |
| hydrogen bonds | a weak chemical bond between molecules that always involves a hydrogen atom with a slight positive charge and an oxygen or nitrogen atom with a slightly negative charge |
| hydrolysis or decomposition | the breaking down of large molecules (polymers) into unit molecules (monomers) in the presence of water |
| hydrophilic | ("water-loving")/ water-soluble compounds |
| hydrophobic | molecules held together by nonpolar covalent bonds; they are water repellent and insoluble in water |
| hypertonic | a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than solvent |
| hypotonic | a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than solvent |
| ionic bonds | formed when one or more electrons from one atom are transferred to another |
| ions | an atom or molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons, resulting in a positive or negative electrical charge |
| isotonic | solutions with the same amount of solute and solvent |
| isotopes | form of an atom of an element with the same number of protons but with a different number of neutrons |
| matter | anything with volume and mass and that takes up space |
| molecules | two or more atoms linked together by chemical bonds |
| monosaccharides | simple sugars that contain 3 to 7 carbon atoms and an aldehyde sugar or a ketone sugar |
| neutrons | particle in the atomic nucleus that is without electrical charge |
| nonpolar | without electrical charge |
| oxidation | occurs when an atom or molecule loses one or more electrons |
| phospholipids | polar lipids and the main component of plasma membranes |
| pH scale | scale based on the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution and is used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution |
| polar | in chemistry, a bond that has an uneven distribution of charge due to unequal distribution of shared electrons |
| polysaccharides | complex carbohydrates such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose |
| prostaglandins | hormone-like substances derived from arachidonic acid. they participate in a wide range of body functions, including contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, and modulation of inflammation |
| protons | positively charged particles in the atomic nucleus |
| radioactivity | the spontaneous emission of energy and/or particles from an unstable atom |
| redox | a reduction-oxidation reaction |
| reduction | the gaining of an electron by an atom or molecule |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | nucleic acid that is transcribed from DNA and directs/participates in protein synthesis |
| shells | in atoms, the discrete energy regions occupied by the electrons orbiting around the nucleus |
| solutes | dissolved particles in a solution |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture of solvent and solutes that will not separate out on standing |
| solvent | a liquid capable of dissolving a substance |
| steroids | a lipid with a four-ring structure |
| synthesis | chemical reaction in which reactants bond together to form a new molecule |
| triglycerides | lipids composed of fatty acids and glycerol; they are neutral fats |
| valence electrons | the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that can be gained or lost in a chemical reaction |
| van der Waals forces | weak attractions between molecules that have a small degree of polarity |
Created by:
elmore00
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