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Gault BIOL 251 CH 3
Chapter 3; Cell Structure and Function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Biofilms | Slimy masses of bacteria adhering to a surface |
| Capsule | A glycocalyx firmly attached to a cell surface |
| Cell wall | Bacterial structure that provides structure, shape, and protection from osmotic forces |
| Chemotaxis | Movement of a cell toward or away from stimuli such as chemicals |
| Cilia | Structurally similar to eukaryotic flagella but are much shorter and more numerous |
| Cytoskeleton | An internal scaffolding of fibers that play a role in forming a cell’s basic shape |
| Diffusion | The movement of chemicals down their concentration gradient |
| Endoflagella | Special flagella of some spirochetes that spiral tightly around the cell instead of protruding into the environment |
| Endosymbiotic theory | Proposal to explain why mitochondria and chloroplasts have 70S ribosomes, circular DNA, and two membranes |
| Exocytosis | Used by some cells to export material. |
| Facilitated diffusion | Proteins act as channels or carriers to allow certain molecules that cannot cross the lipid layer to diffuse into or out of the cell along their electrochemical gradient |
| Short, sticky, proteinaceous extensions of some bacteria that help cells adhere to one another and to substances in the environment | |
| Long extensions beyond the cell surface and glycocalyx that propel a cell through its environment | |
| Fluid mosaic model | Descriptive of the current understanding of the membrane structure. |
| Glycocalyx | A gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of some cells |
| Gram-negative | Bacterial cells have only a thin layer of peptidoglycan |
| Gram-positive | Bacterial that cells have thick layers of peptidoglycan |
| Hypertonic | Solutions have a higher concentration of solutes |
| Hypotonic | Solutions have a lower concentration of solutes |
| Isotonic | Solutions having the same concentration of solutes |
| Osmosis | Osmosis |
| Peptidoglycan | A complex polysaccharide composed of two alternating sugars called NAG and N-acetylmuramic and NAM |
| Peritrichous flagella | Flagella covering the entire surface of the cell |
| Phagocytosis | When solids are brought into a cell |
| Pilus | A special type of fimbria |
| Pinocytosis | The internalization of liquids |
| Ribosome | Site of protein synthesis in cells |
| Slime layer | A glycocalyx that is loosely attached to a cell and is water soluble |
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