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BIO 140 Exam 4 ch 12
Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fresh water and its percentage | 97.5%=salt 2.5%=fresh, over 79% is tied up in glaciers and ice caps |
| Rivers and streams | channels that carry water and deposit sediment |
| Flood plain | areas that a river floods periodically |
| Lakes and ponds | bodies of standing water used for drinking(lakes) and irrigation(ponds) |
| Zones in ponds and lakes-Littoral | shallow edge, rooted plants grow, most diverse area |
| Zones in ponds and lakes-Limnetic | layer of open, sunlit water where photosynthesis takes place |
| Zones in ponds and lakes-Profundal | sunlight does not reach this deeper layer |
| Zones in ponds and lakes-Bethnic | bottom of the water body-decomposers and bottom feeder live here |
| Oligotrophic lakes | low nutrient/high oxygen |
| Eutrophic lakes | high nutrient/low oxygen |
| Wetlands | systems that combine elements of fresh water and dry land/transitional areas |
| Marshes | shallow water(cattails) |
| Bogs | thick floating mats of vegetation |
| Swamps | shallow water rich with vegetation |
| Wetland function | habitat for wildlife |
| Wetland function | slow runoff |
| Wetland function | reduce flooding |
| Wetland function | recharge aquifers |
| Wetland function | filter pollutants |
| Aquifers | store groundwater |
| Water table | top level of aquifer |
| Consumptive use | removal of water from an aquifer/surface water body with out returning it |
| Noncomsumptive use | does not remove water from the source such as a hydroelectric dam-electricity |
| Dams | blocks the flow of water so that it can be used in a reservoir |
| Surface water depletion/diversion | rivers, streams, lakes, ponds(fresh water) change path/use more than is replaced |
| Ground water depletion | pump water from underground, well water, easier to deplete |
| Solutions to fresh water depletion | reduce demand/ increase supply by building reservoirs, dams |
| Water pollution | harmful substances in the water |
| Point sources | specific discrete locations/factory, sewer pipe |
| Non-point sources | non-specific multiple cumulative inputs over large areas |
| Nutrient pollution | fertilizer, runoff/add too much |
| Pathogens and waterborne diseases | bacteria, viruses, disease-causing organisms enter water..polio, parasites |
| Toxic chemicals | poisonous substances |
| sediment | soil carried via streams buries benthic zone interferes with photosynthesis(#1 pollutant in NC streams) |
| Thermal pollution | water is too hot, the warmer water is, lower the oxygen level kills organisms |
| Water quality indicators | color, clarity, salinity, pH, temperature, oxygen levels |
| groundwater pollution | very expensive to fix, leaches through soil- herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers and petroleum |
| Drinking water treatment | we pollute it so we have to treat it |
| Artificial wetlands as treatment | can remove ammonia from water filter naturally |
| Pelagic Zone | open area of ocean |
| Benthic zone (ocean) | bottom area of ocean |
| Near-surface pelagic ecosystems | most organisms are located here plankton, photosynthetic activity major ecosystem-most diverse |
| Deep ocean | whales, bottom-feeders,shellfish, deep water ecosystems |
| Kelp forests | large brown algae, seaweed grow from floor of continental shelf |
| Coral reefs | underground outcrop of calcium carbonate/skeletons of tiny marine animals(very diverse) |
| Intertidal zones | littoral zone, beach, shallow |
| Tides | rising and falling of ocean's height caused by sun/moon's gravitational pull |
| Salt marshes | tides wash over gently sandy/silty substrates, very high primary productivity |
| Mangrove forests | trees with odd roots(support trees in changing water levels) |
| Human effects on the coastal and nearshore ecosystems | development, pollution, habitat alteration, overfishing |
| Estuaries | where fresh water meets salt water |
| Marine pollution | Nets and plastic debris, oil pollution, excess nutrients |
| Nets and plastic debris | plastic bags and bottles, fishing nets, gloves, fishing line...stuff that people transport on the sea or deposit into it |
| oil pollution | major oil spills(Exxon Valdez) |
| Excess nutrients | pollution from fertilizer runoff or other nutrient inputs can create dead zones in coastal marine ecosystems |
| Harmful algal blooms | population explosions among several species of marine algae that produce powerful toxins that attack the nervous systems of vertebrates. |
| Red tides | algal species that produce reddish pigments that discolor surface waters |
| Overfishing and marine conservation | unprecedented pressure on marine resources/modify our priorities and improve our use of science in fisheries management |
Created by:
kerinv
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