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GAult BIOL251 Ch 2
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Microbiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | Compound that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions |
| Adenine | Nitrogenous base that forms a double hydrogen bond to uracil |
| Adenosine triphosphate | The primary short-term energy molecule in cells |
| Amino acid | A monomer of peptides |
| Anabolism | All the synthesis reactions in an organism taken together |
| Anion | A negatively charged ion |
| Atom | The smallest chemical unit of matter |
| Atomic Mass | The sum of the masses of the protons. neutrons, and electrons in an atom |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Base | Molecule that binds with hydrogen ions when dissolved in water |
| Buffer | A substance that prevents drastic changes in pH |
| Carbohydrates | Organic molecule consisting of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Catabolism | All the decomposition reactions in an organism taken together |
| Cation | A positively charged ion |
| Chemical bond | An interaction between atoms in which electrons are either shared or transferred in such a way as to fill their valence shells |
| Chemical reaction | The making or breaking of a chemical bond |
| Compound | A molecule containing atoms of more than one element |
| Cytosine | A nucleotide that forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine |
| Decomposition reactions | A chemical reaction in which the bonds of a larger molecule are broken to form smaller ions, atoms, and molecules |
| Dehydration reaction | A type of synthesis reaction in which two smaller molecules are joined together by a covalent bond , and a molecule of water is formed |
| Denaturation | Process by which a proteins three-dimensional structure is altered, eliminating function |
| Disaccharide | Carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharide molecules |
| Electrolytes | Any hydrated cation or anion; can conduct electricity through a solution |
| Electron | A negatively charged subatomic particle |
| Electronegativity | The attraction of an atom for electrons |
| Element | Matter that is composed of a single type of atom |
| Endothermic reaction | Any chemical reaction that requires energy |
| Exchange reactions | Type of chemical reaction in which atoms are moved from one molecule to another by means of breaking and forming of covalent bonds |
| Exothermic | Any chemical reaction that releases energy |
| Fats | Compounds composed of three fatty acid molecules linked to a molecule of glycerol |
| Functional group | An arrangement of atoms common to all members of a class of organic molecules |
| Guanine | Forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine |
| Hydrogen bond | The electrical attraction between a partially charged hydrogen atom and a negative charge on another molecule |
| Hydrolysis | A decomposition reaction in which a covalent bond is broken the ionic components of water are added to the products |
| Hydrophilic | Attracted to water |
| Hydrophobic | Insoluble in water |
| Inorganic chemicals | Molecules lacking carbon |
| Ionic bond | A type of bond formed from the attraction of opposite electrical charges when electrons are not shared |
| Isotope | Atoms of a given element that differ only in the number of neutrons they contain. |
| Lipid | Any of a diverse group of macromolecules not composed of monomers and insoluble in water |
| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass |
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical reaction, both anabolic and catabolic, within an organism |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds |
| Monomer | A subunit of a macromolecule |
| Monosaccharide | A monomer of a carbohydrate |
| Neutron | An uncharged subatomic particle |
| Nonpolar covalent bond | A type of chemical bond in which there is equal sharing of electrons between atoms with similar electronegativities |
| Nucleoside | Component of a nucleotide consisting of a nitrogenous base and a five-carbon sugar |
| Nucleotide | Monomer of a nucleic acid, which is composed of a nucleoside and a phosphate |
| Organic compounds | Molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms |
| Peptide bond | A covalent bond between amino acids |
| pH scale | A scale used for measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| Phospholipids | Phosphate containing lipids made up of molecules with two fatty acid chains |
| Polar covalent bond | A type of bond in which there us an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms with opposite electrical charges |
| Polysaccharide | Carbohydrate polymer composed of several to thousands of covalently linked monosaccharides |
| Polymer | Repeating chain of covalently linked monomers in a molecule |
| Products | The atoms, ions, or molecules that remain after a chemical reaction is complete |
| Protein | A complex macromolecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur |
| Proton | A positively charged subatomic particle |
| Reactants | Reactants The atoms, ions, or molecules that exist at the beginning of a chemical reaction |
| Salt | A crystalline compound formed by ionic bonding of elements |
| Saturated fatty acid | A long-chain, organic acid in which all but the terminal carbon atoms are covalently linked to two hydrogen atoms |
| Steroids | Steroids Lipids consisting of four fused carbon rings attached to various side chains and functional groups |
| Synthesis reaction | A chemical reaction involving the formation of larger, more complex molecules |
| Thymine | A nucleotide that forms two hydrogen binds with adenine |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | A long-chain, organic acid with at least one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms |
| Urasil | A nucleotide that forms two hydrogen binds with adenine |
| Valence | The combining capacity of an atom |
| Wax | An alcohol containing lipid made up of molecules with one fatty acid chain |
Created by:
rgault
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