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Embryology
UWORLD + FA review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Meckel Diverticulum is due to | Failed obliteration of the Vitelline (Omphalomesenteric) duct |
| What is the common presentation of Meckel diverticulum: | Spontaneous but painless lower GI bleeding |
| What test is used to diagnose Meckel Diverticulum? | Tc-pertechnetate, which localized ectopic gastric mucosa |
| What another name used for Omphalomesenteric duct? | Vitelline duct |
| What are common examples of Ventral Wall defects? | Omphalocele and Gastroschisis |
| Pathology of ventral wall defects? | Failure of lateral body folds to develop and not close |
| What is the failed physiolgical process for imperforate anul? | Improper hindgut descend along the Inferior mesenteric artery |
| Abnormal malrotation around the SMA | Intestinal malrotation |
| Intestinal malrotation often presents with: | Obstruction and Painful bilious emesis in the first days of life |
| What pathology is described as the intestine is fixed by fibrous bands around a major blood vessel? | Intestinal malrotation |
| Which junction is the most common involved in Unilateral Fetal Hydronephrosis? | Ureteropelvic junction |
| What is the cause of unilateral fetal hydronephrosis? | Inadequate canalization of the ureteropelvic junction |
| Which part is often associated with the development of Non-obstructive fetal hydronephrosis? | Vesicourethral junction |
| The vesicourethral junction is most likely associated with _______ leading to a chronic state of? | Reflux (due to incomplete closure; chronic dilation of the ureter and renal pelvis |
| What are the two main reasons for the development of Polyhydramnios? | 1. Impaired fetal swallowing 2. Increased fetal Urination |
| What pathologies are associated with Polyhydramnios development due to impaired swallowing? | Fetal GI obstruction (esophageal, duodenal or Intestinal atresia), and anencephaly. |
| High fetal Cardiac output is related to: | Alloimmunization, Parvovirus infection, and fetomaternal hemorrhage, leading to increased fetal urination, causing POLYHYDRAMNIOS. |
| Oligohydramnios is associated with: | - Renal agenesis - Posterior urethral valves in males - Potter sequence - Pulmonary hypoplasia |
| Potter sequence | Fetal compression by the uterus, due to abnormally low levels of amniotic fluid ("cushion like fluid") |
| Too little (low) amniotic fluid | Oligohydramnios |
| What is the definition of aplasia? | defective development or congenital absence |
| No upper vagina. Suspect diagnosis? | Mullerian aplasia |
| Mullerian aplasia is also known as: | Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome |
| Mullerian aplasia is presented as: | No upper vagina (short vagina) and abnormal or variable affection of the uterus, but normal ovaries and secondary sexual characteristics |
| What is the effect of the abnormal uterus in Mullerian aplasia? | Development of primary amenorrhea |
| MCC of Kallmann syndrome | Decreased GnRH synthesis in the Hypothalamus, leading to Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism |
| What is the clinical presentation of Kallmann Syndrome? | Rarely affects females, but those affected present with: Primary amenorrhea, no secondary sexual characteristics, and Olfactory sensory deficits |
| If a woman with primary amenorrhea and a decrease sense of smell presents in office. Suspect diagnosis? | Kallmann Syndrome |
| The Mullerian Ducts: | Stimulated by: -----> ESTROGEN Give rise to: Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, and Upper vagina |
| The Wolffian ducts: | Stimulated by : ----------> TESTOSTERONE Give rise to the: Epididymitis, vas Deferens, and Seminal vesicles |
| What is the MC initial cause for the development of Oligohydramnios? | Renal agenesis |
| Oligohydramnios develop __________ _______________: | Potter Sequence: - Pulmonary Hypoplasia --> due to lack of normal alveolar distension by aspirated amniotic fluid - Flat facies - Limb deformities |
| What is the pulmonary deficit seen in Potter sequence? | Pulmonary hypoplasia due to lack of normal alveolar distension |
| Intestinal malrotation is due to ___________ undergoes incomplete embryological ____________________ rotations, around the ________. | Midgut; counterclockwise; SMA |
| What are the two main symptoms of Intestinal malrotation? | 1. Intestinal Obstruction: - compression by adhesive (Ladd's) bands in the RLQ, around the 2nd part of the duodenum. 2. Midgut volvulus: - intestinal ischemia due to twisting around the blood vessels (SMA) |
| What is the emesis description of intestinal malrotation? | Painful, bilious emesis |
| What major blood body is associated with possible ischemia in intestinal malrotation? | SMA |
| ARPKD is associated with: | Renal insufficiency leading to the development of Potter Sequence, nephromegaly, and HTN |
| What are the dorsal pancreatic bud derivatives? | Forms the majority of the pancreas tissue (body, tail, and most of head), and the Accessory pancreatic duct |
| What are the Ventral pancreatic bud derivatives? | It is a precursor of the Uncinate process, inferior and posterior portion of pancreatic head, and major pancreatic bud |
| What is the name of the Major pancreatic bud? | Of Wirsung |
| The Ventral bud gives rise to the ______________ or known as the ____________, while the dorsal gives rise to the ______________ known as ________________. | Ventral -- Wirsung duct (main duct) Dorsa -- of Santorini (accessory duct) |
| Pancreas divisum | failed dorsal and ventral pancreatic bus to fuse |
| In cases of Pancreas divisum, which is the duct that drains most of the Pancreas? | Accessory duct from the Dorsal Pancreatic bud |
| What is the most oxygenated fetal blood vessel? | Umbilical vein, which drains into the IVC via the ductus venosus. |
| The umbilical arteries | have deoxygenated blood |
| What is the adult remnant of the Ductus venosus? | Ligamentum venosum |
| What is the adult remnant of the Umbilical vein? | Ligamentum teres |
| What is the adult remnant of the Umbilical arteries? | Medial umbilical ligaments |
| Annular Pancreas | Pancreatic tissue encircling the descending duodenum, dut to failure of ventral pancreatic bud to properly migrate and fuse with dorsal pancreatic bud during the 7th and 8th week of gestation. |
| What are the levels abnormally high in Neural Tube defect screening? | AFP and AChE |
| Elevated AChE and AFP is indicative of: | Possible neural tube defects to the fetus |
| Spina bifida, will show abnormal levels of in pregnancy blood levels? | High AChE and AFP levels |
| What two substances are secreted by the Sertoli cells in order to differentiate into a phenotypic male? | 1. Anti-Mullerian Hormone --> aids to actively regress the internal female organs 2. MIF --> involution of Paramesonephric ducts |
| Foramen ovale is due to: | incomplete fusion of atrial septal primum and secundum |
| ASD is due to: | Aphasia of atrial septal secundum |
| Aplasia of atrial septal secundum | ASD |
| VSD is due to: | Incomplete closure of the interventricular foramen |
| Hypospadias is due to: | incomplete fusion of urethral (urogenital) folds |
| What do the urogenital folds become in the female? | Labia minora (do not fuse) |
| Labia majora is due to: | Persistent separation during development of the Labioscrotal folds |
| What is the cause of Bifid scrotum? | Labioscrotal failure to fuse together |
Created by:
rakomi
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